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THE  LITERARY  LIFE 


GusTAvus  Seyffarth 


a.  m.,  phil.  and  theol,  dr. 

Late  Professor  at  the  University  of  Leipzig,  and  the  Concordia 
Seminary,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  ;  Hon.  Member  of  the  Leeds  Philo- 
sophical AND  Literary  Society,  The  New  York  Historical 
Society,  The  New  York  Philological  Society  ;  Mem- 
ber OF  the  Royal  Saxon  Academy  of  Science  ;  For- 
eign Member  of  the  Royal  British  Oriental 
Society  ;  Cor.  Member  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy   OF    Turin,    of    the   Academy  of 
Science  of  St.  Louis,  Mo,,  and  of 
Davenport,  Iowa  ;   Member 
of  the  American  Ori- 
ent\l  Society. 


"  Mutla  ttiiH  fecitque  puer, 
sudavH  et  alsit." 


AN  AUTO-BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH. 


NEW  YORK-' 
E.    SXEIQER    &    CO 

1886. 


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THE  LITERARY  LIFE 


GusTAvus  Seyffarth 


a.  m.,  phil.  and  theol.  dr. 

Late  Professor  at  the  University  of  Leipzig,  and  the  Concordia 
Seminary,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  ;  Hon.  Member  of  the  Leeds  Philo- 
sophical and  Literary  Society,  The  New  York  Historical 
Society,  The  New  York  Philological  Society  ;  Mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Saxon  Academy  of  Science  ;  For- 
eign Member  of  the  Royal  'British  Oriental 
Society  ;  Cor.  Member  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy   of    Turin,    of    the   Academy   of 
Science  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  of 
Davenport,   Iowa  ;    Member 
OF  the  American  Ori- 
ental Society. 


"  Multa  tulit  fecitque  piur, 
sudavit  et  alsit." 


AN  AUTO-BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH. 


^"■^^ 


NEW  YORK: 
E.    SXEIOER    «&    CO 

1886. 


CONTENTS. 


/Oirif 


Autobiographical  Introduction,  .  .  .  .  .5 

The  Key  to  Egyptian  Literature,    .....  8 

Triennial  Researches  in  Egyptian  Museums  and  Public  Libraries 

in  Southern  Germany,  Italy,  France,  England  and  Holland,      20 
The  Key  to  all  Ancient  Pagan  Religions,  ...  28 

The  Key  to  the  Astronomical  Monuments  of  the  Egyptians,  Greeks, 

Romans,  Cyprians,  Indians,  Mexicans,  etc.,     .  .  -3° 

The  True  History  and  Chronology  of  Egypt,         ...  35 

Manetho's  Hyksos — The  Israelites.      .  .  .  .  -37 

The  New  York  Obelisk  and  the  Pharaoh  Drowned  in  the  Red  Sea, 

1866,  B.  C 38 

The  Age  of  the  Great  Pyramids  near  Cairo,   .  .  .  .40 

The  First  Olympian  Games  in  777  B.  C,    .  .  .  .  41 

Greek,  Babylonian  and  other  Eclipses,  .  ,  .  .42 

The  Solar  Months  of  the  Greeks     .....  42 

The  Seasons  of  the  Greeks,       .  .  .  .  .  -44 

Corrections  of  the  present  History  of  Greece,        ...  44 

■Corrections  of  Babylonian,  Assyrian,   Median   and   Persian    His- 
tories,       .  .  .  .  .  .  -44 

Corrections  of  Chinese  History,       .....  45 

Corrections  of  Roman  History,  .  .  .  .  .46 

The  Antiquity  of  Astronomy,  .....  47 

The  World-Period,  the  three  World-Ages,  the  Yugas  and  Avataras,     48 
The  Universality  of  the  Deluge,  .  .  .  .  •     5^ 

The  Origin  of  the  Alphabet,  3,446  B.  C,     ....  53 

Alterations  of  the  Primitive  Alphabet,  .  .  .  -56 

The  Origin  of  Egyptian  Hieroglyphs.         ....  57 

Hebrew  the  Primitive  Language,         .  .  .  .  -58 

Laws  Governing  the  Changes  in  all  Languages,  ...  60 

"Chronology  of  the  Old  Testament,        .  .  .  .  .60 

Daniel's  Seventy  Weeks,      ......  62 

The  Solar  Years  of  the  Hebrews,         .  .  .  .  -64 

Chronology  of  the  New  Testament,  ....  65 

The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul,       .  .  .  .66 

Destruction  of  Jerusalem,  71  A.  C,  .  .  .  .  67 

Bibliography,      .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .68 

Appendix.     An  Egyptologist,  .....  82 


236771 


INTRODUCTORY. 


'TpHE  present  auto-biographical  sketch  of  the  late  Prof.  Gustavus 
Seyffarth,  (fNovember  17th,  1885,  at  New  York),  is  published 
in  accordance  with  directions  in  his  last  will,  and  is  intended  to  serve 
as  a  key  to  his  numerous  publications  in  the  German,  Latin  and 
English  languages.  It  was  written  by  him  in  his  old  age  and  in  a 
language,  the  full  mastery  of  which  he  never  acquired.  The  un- 
dersigned editor  has  contented  himself  with  making  only  such  changes 
as  the  rules  of  English  Grammar  required,  leaving  the  tenor  and 
contents  of  the  book  for  which  Prof  Seyffarth  alone  desired  to  be 
held  responsible,  entirely  unchanged. 

Additional  biographical  details  are  contained  in  the  German  pam- 
phlet :  ' '  Gustav  Seyffarth  ;  eine  biographische  Skizze,  von  Karl  Knoriz, " 
(New  York,   t886,  E.  Steiger  &  Co.) 

KARL  KNORTZ. 


PREFACE. 


S  scientific  truths  do  not  belong  to  a  few  seasons  but  to  the 
civilized  world  in  general  and  to  all  future  times,  it  is  a  duty 
to  remember  what  in  this  respect  Providence  has  done  by  instrumen- 
tality of  an  old  contemporary  during  a  period  of  over  sixty  years.  It 
is  true,  the  literary  works  of  the  author  of  the  present  aphoristic  sketch 
have  already  been  mentioned  in  "Brockhaus'  Konvefsationslexikon, " 
"Pierer's  Realencyklopadie, "  "Der  deutsche  Pionier"  (Cincinnati,  O.) 
1874),  "Vapereau's  Dictionaire  des  Contemporains, "  "Appleton's  and 
Johnson's  Cyclopaedias,"  "Aliborne's  Dictionary  of  Authors,"  etc.,  but 
as  these  statements  are  mostly  imperfect  and  in  many  respects  errone- 
ous, the  following  communications  may  be  excused. 

In  reading  the  present  sketch  it  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  all  dates 
B.  C,  cited  hereafter,  refer  to  the  astronomical  method  of  reckoning 
the  years  as  the  only  true  and  practical  one. 

New  York,   1S81. 

GUSTAVUS  SEYFFARTH. 


Autobiographical  Introduction. 


THE  author  was  born  July  13th,  1796,  at  Uebig-au,  a 
Saxon  village,  near  Torgau,  in  which  his  father,  the 
Reverend  Traugott  August  Seyffarth,  Ph.  D.,  D.  D.,  was  a 
minister  of  the  Lutheran  Church,  Besides  the  regular 
instruction  of  the  parochial  school,  he  received  private  les- 
sons from  a  young  candidate  of  theology  in  Latin  and 
Greek,  and  made  such  progress  that  in  his  fourteenth  year 
he  was  able  to  read  several  of  the  Latin  classics  and  the 
New  Testament  in  the  original,  and  translate  fluently  from 
Latin  and  Greek  into  his  native  tongue.  He  then  became 
an  "  alumnus  "  of  "  St.  Afra,"  the  so-called  Fiirstenschule 
at  Meissen  near  Dresden. 

At  the  time  of  the  Reformation  there  existed  in  Saxony 
three  immensely  rich  monasteries,  viz.,  Grimma,  Meissen 
and  Schulpforta,  which  were  secularized  and  converted  into 
Gym?iasia  by  the  pious  Elector  of  Saxony,  Frederick  the 
Wise.  The  income  of  these  institutions  sufficed  to  pay  the 
salaries  of  five  professors  and  some  other  teachers,  and  to 
support  from  90  to  1 50  pupils  each.  Every  town  of  Saxony 
had  the  privilege  of  sending  one  or  two  boys  of  the  age  of 
fourteen  to  these  places  of  learning,  and  in  this  way  the 
gifted  son  of  the  poorest  family  had  an  opportunity  to  re- 
ceive a  gratuitous  academical  education. 

The  buildings  of  the  "St.  Afra"  School  were  surrounded 
by  high  walls,  the  doors  of  which  were  opened  to  the 
students  only  upon  a  written  permit  by  the  Rector.  The 
instruction,  though  pre-eminently  of  a  religious  character, 
was  such,  that  the  Alumni  of  the  first  and  second  classes 
were  enabled  to  read  and  understand  Plato,  Sophocles,  Pin- 
dar, Horace  and  Cicero,  and  to  fluently  write  and  speak 
Latin,  the  ofiicial  vernacular  of  the  professors  and  instruc- 


tors.  Many  of  the  students  of  "St.  Afra"  afterwards  occu- 
pied influential  positions  as  professors  of  philology  in  the 
universities  and  gymnasia  of  Germany  and  of  other  countries. 

In  the  year  1815  the  author  left  Meissen  with  flattering 
testimonials  and  went  to  Leipzig  to  study  theology,  being 
desirous,  however,  of  learning  all  that  might  be  worth 
knowing.  He  did  not  content  himself  with  attending 
theological,  philosophical  and  philological  lectures,  but  also 
busied  himself  with  the  study  of  mathematics,  astronomy, 
chemistry,  botany,  history,  mineralogy,  mechanics,  drawing, 
music,  and  especially  Oriental  languages. 

After  four  years  he  was  made  Artium  Magister,  Doctor  of 
Philosophy,  and  Candidatus  Reverendi  Ministerii,  and  re- 
turned to  St.  Afra  "for  the  purpose  of  preparing  himself 
for  a  theological  professorship. 

He  was  under  the  impression  that  it  would  be  necessary 
for  him,  in  order  to  interpret  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, to  study  their  ancient  versions,  and,  therefore,  he 
learned  during  the  following  four  years  all  the  languages 
into  which  the  Holy  Bible  had  once  been  translated,  from 
fourteen  to  sixteen  hours  daily  being  devoted  to  this  task. 

The  first  result  of  his  studies  was  the  conviction  that 
the  usual  pronunciation  of  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  letters 
ought  to  be  modified.  His  views  he  expounded  in  the  work 
*'  De  Sonis  literarum  Gr?ecarum  tum  genuinis  tum  adoptivis, 
libri  duo.  Accedunt  commentatio  de  literis  Graecorum  sub- 
inde  usitatis,  dissertationes,  index  et  tabulae  duae,  cum  prae- 
fatione  Godefredi  Hermanni,  Lipsiae,  1824."  By  defending 
his  theory  in  a  Latin  disputation  with  members  of  the 
philosophical  faculty,  the  author  was  honored  with  the 
privilege  of  delivering  public  lectures  (1823). 

In  the  following  year  Prof.  F.  A.  W.  Spohn,  who  had 
occupied  himself  prior  to  ChampoUion  with  Egyptian  litera- 
ture and  had  prepared  the  bulky  work  "De  lingua  et  literis 
veterum  Aegyptiorum,"  died  in  the  bloom  of  his  life,  scarcely 
thirty  years  old.  The  author,  being  the  only  person  in  the 
city  familiar  with  Coptic,  the  fundamental  language  of 
Egyptian  literature,  was  asked  by  the  university  to  com- 


plete  and  edit  Spohn's  work.  He  accepted  this  offer  and 
his  scientific  career  was  thus  impelled  in  a  new  direction. 

Having  examined  the  immense  mass  of  Spohn's  manu- 
scripts deposited  in  the  college  library,  he  came  to  the  con- 
clusion, that  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  accomplish 
his  task,  unless  he  previously  examined  all  the  Egyptian 
museums  of  Europe  and  copied  the  principal  papyri  and  in- 
scriptions. Accordingly,  during  the  years  1826-1828,  he 
visited  the  public  and  private  collections  of  Egyptian  an- 
tiquities at  Berlin,  Vienna,  Munich,  Turin,  Milan,  Venice, 
Florence,  Leghorn,  Rome,  Naples,  Lyons,  Paris,  London, 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  Leyden,  and  Amsterdam,  and  took 
copies  of  all  important  inscriptions,  which  now  constitute 
the  writer's  "  Bibliotheca  Aegyptiaca  Manuscripta,"  a  work 
of  fifteen  volumes  in  royal  folio,  which  will,  after  his  death, 
become  the  property  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

In  the  year  1854  he  resigned  his  Leipzig  professorship  and 
in  1856  emigrated  to  the  United  States,  which  has  since  be- 
come his  second  home.  As'  some  of  his  former  pupils  had 
founded  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  the  so-called  Concordia  Col- 
legium, a  theological  seminary,  he  was  offered  a  professor- 
ship of  archaeology  and  cognate  sciences,  which  he  accepted, 
and  for  several  years  he  gave  gratuitous  instruction  and 
lectures  to  the  students.  Li  the  year  1859,  however,  he 
severed  his  connection  with  the  institute  and  went  to  New 
York,  where  the  treasures  of  the  Astor  Library  gave  him 
ample  opportunity  for  pursuing  his  favorite  studies  and  de- 
voting his  last  years  to  earnest  literary  work.  His  writings, 
since  182 1  (chronologically  enumerated  in  this  book),  were 
published  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  knowledge  and  refut- 
ing falsehoods.  They  treat  of  the  following  subjects:  Egyp- 
tian philology  and  palaeography;  the  ancient  astronomy  of 
the  Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans  and  Cypriotes;  universal 
history  and  chronology,  especially  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  of  the  Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Babyloni- 
ans, Chinese,  etc.,  mythology,  ancient  geography,  apolo- 
getics, etc. 


The  Key  to  Egyptian  Literature. 


The  ancient  Egyptians,  from  2780  B.  C.  to  200  A.  C,  un- 
derstood, as  well  as  we  do,  the  art  of  visibly  expressing  the 
words  of  their  spoken  language,  but  their  manner  of  writing 
differed  essentially  from  the  present  one.  Instead  of 
25  letters  they  used  630  figures,  which  were  images  of 
heavenly  bodies  and  geographical  objects,  human  beings 
and  their  limbs,  quadrupeds  and  parts  of  their  bodies,  birds, 
insects,  fishes,  serpents,  trees,  plants,  fruits,  architectural 
objects,  furniture,  vases,  clothing  textures,  implements  and 
the  like — in  short,  of  nearly  all  things  obvious  in  primitive 
life. 

These  630  images  constituted  the  alphabet  with  which, 
during  a  period  of  3000  years,  the  Egyptians  wrote  their 
numberless  books  and  inscriptions.  This  immense  literature 
was  still  intelligible  in  the  time  of  the  first  Roman  emperors, 
but  afterwards  it  sank  into  oblivion,  till,  in  the  year  1799, 
the  Rosette  Stone,  with  a  hieroglyphic  inscription,  accom- 
panied by  a  Greek  translation,  was  discovered. 

In  the  meantime,  it  is  true,  the  Jesuit  Kircher  (1639)  had 
published  seven  volumes,  containing  translations  of  inscrip- 
tions on  Roman  obelisks,  but  his  method  of  deciphering 
Hieroglyphs  was  too  arbitrary  to  be  of  any  value  to  the 
student  of  Egyptology.  He  took  each  of  the  630  hiero- 
glyphs for  a  complete  word,  sometimes  for  a  substantive, 
a  verb,  or  an  adverb.  For  instance,  the  group  ''Ccesar  Dom- 
itianus,"  he  interpreted  as  follows :  "  Saturn,  the  ruler  of 
flying  time,  and  the  benevolent  god,  promoting  the  fertility 
of  the  fields,  mighty  in  human  nature,  the  beneficent  power 
of  generation,  mighty  by  the  god  of  the  height  and  of  the 
depth,  who  augments  the  afflux  of  sacred  humidity,  demitted 
Irom  heaven." 


Such  was  the  condition  of  Egyptian  philology  when  Dr. 
Thomas  Young  published  his  article,  "Egypt,"  in  the  "En- 
cyclopaedia Brittannica"  (I819),  in  which  he  compared  the 
names  of  Ptolomy,  Cleopatra  and  Berenice  with  each  other, 
and  pointed  out  for  the  first  time  fifteen  hieroglyphs, 
some  grammatical  forms,  and  the  meaning  of  a  number  of 
hieroglyphic  groups.  The  rest  of  Young's  hieroglyphic 
system,  however,  fell  short. 

Three  years  later  Champollion,  who  was  unaware  of  these 
discoveries,  published  his  pamphlet,  '^  De  Vecriture  Jiieratique 
des  anciejis  Egyptiens,'^  in  which  he  emphatically  denied  the 
existence  of  phonetic  hieroglyphs.  As  soon,  however,  as 
he  examined  Dr.  Young's  article  he  changed  his  opinion, 
and  published,  in  1822,  his  '' Lettre  a  M.  Dacier"  in  which 
he,  nevertheless,  did  not  mention  the  name  of  the  real  dis- 
coverer. 

Finally,  in  the  year  I824,  Champollion's  *'  Precis  du  Sys- 
teme  hieroglyphique  des  anciens  Egyptiens "  appeared,  in 
which  the  following  theses  were  defended  : 

1.  The  Egyptian  literature  originated  from  primitive 
ideologic  writing,  and  consists  partly  of  phonetic  figures, 
and  partly  of  phonetic  images,  expressing  unphonetically 
definite  ideas. 

2.  None  of  the  630  hieroglyphs  signified  one  or  more 
syllables. 

3.  The  language  of  the  Egyptians  is  related  to  the  Coptic, 
as  preserved  in  our  Coptic  grammars  and  dictionaries. 

This  theory,  apart  from  a  •  number  of  other  erroneous 
statements,  proved  abortive  when  the  new  bilingual  inscrip- 
tion on  the  Tanis  Stone  was  discovered  (1866). 

A  great  number  of  proper  names,  of  which  the  pronuncia- 
tion has  been  preserved  by  Greek  and  Roman  authors,  can- 
not be  spelled  by  means  of  Champollion's  system;  for 
instance,  the  royal  names  on  the  Turin  Manetho,  the  names 
of  planets  and  constellations,  etc. 

That  it  is  an  impossibility  to  translate  any  hieroglyphic 
text  entirely  after  Champollion's  system  has  been  stated  by 


10 

Lepsius  and  Birch,  and  by  Bunsen  in  his  work,  "  Egypt's 
Place,"  etc. 

Furthermore,  Champollion  was  repeatedly  challenged  to 
verify  his  theory  by  a  translation  of  the  Rosette  Stone,  but 
failed  in  his  attempts. 

In  1866  Prof.  Lepsius  published  his  translation  of]  the 
Tanis  Stone,  according  to  ChampoUion's  system,  but  found 
himself  unable  to  interpret  440  groups.  Of  the  other  4,100 
groups  nearly  each  one  was  misinterpreted.  He  translated 
Cyprus  by  Pkcetiiciay  Asia  by  valley,  Greek  by  brook,  etc. 
Instead  of  bringing  out  Coptic  words,  as  required  by  Cham- 
poUion's system,  he  discovered  monstrous  words  which  do  not 
exist  in  any  language.  Lepsius'  "Das  Decret  von  Kano- 
pus"  contains  about  40  words  correctly  spelled  and  trans- 
lated. 

Morever,  in  the  same  year  Reinischand  Roesler  published 
another  translation  of  the  Tanis  Stone,  likewise  following 
the  prevailing  theory,  but  nearly  all  the  words  spelled  and 
translated  by  them  differ  materially  from  those  in  Lepsius' 
statement. 

Again,  in  the  "Records  of  the  Past"  (Vol.  IV.,  p.  65, 
London,  1875)  appeared  a  translation  of  the  Pompeian 
Tablet,  made  by  Goodwin,  according  to  the  large  dictionary 
and  grammar  by  the  Champollionist,  Brugsch-Bey;  but, 
alas,  not  even  half  a  dozen  characters  were  correctly  inter- 
preted. 

ChampoUion's  theory  has  given  rise  to  numberless  absurdi- 
ties. Brugsch-Bey,  for  instance,  discovered  that  the  Egyp- 
tians were  fond  of  lager  beer,  and  that  some  thousand  years 
before  Christ  breweries  existed  in  Egypt.  Ebers,  too, 
learned  that  "  one  gallon  of  lager  beer"  constituted  a  dose 
for  a  sick  Egyptian.  The  same  professor  discovered  that 
the  queen-bee  signified  symbolically  honey,  which  he  took 
for  an  ingredient  of  forty  different  prescriptions,  while  in 
reality  the  queen-bee  expressed  the  letters  in,  I,  k,  i.  e.,  me- 
'  lissa,  apiastrum,  balsameut. 

Vicomte  de  Rouge,  ChampoUion's  successor  in  the  Louvre, 
discovered  that  in  Moses'  days  an  Egyptian  obtained  seven 


II 

times  "/«  decoration  de  la  valeur  viilitaire  a  collier  d'or"  and 
that  in  the  same  era  a  serpent  existed  in  Egypt  which  was 
called  Amhehu  and  which  lived  in  fire.  According  to  Cham- 
pollion  this  serpent  measured  30  cubits  in  length,  15  cubits 
in  width,  but  only  4  cubits  in  thickness. 

These  facts  will  suffice  to  convince  every  intelligent 
reader,  that  Champollion's  system,  as  Brugsch,  Lepsius, 
Ebers,  and  others  imposed  it  upon  the  credulous  world, 
cannot  be  the  true  key  to  Egyptian  literature,  and  that,  as 
far  as  the  translation  of  entire  Egyptian  texts  is  concerned, 
it  has  proved  a  deplorable  failure. 

The  system  of  the  author  originated  in  the  following 
way  : 

In  1824  he  went  to  Berlin  in  order  to  examine  the  exten- 
sive collection  of  Egyptian  papyri  in  the  Public  Library,  and 
there  he  discovered  a  number  of  different  copies  of  the  sacred 
records  of  the  Egyptians,  which  were  formerly  unknown  to 
scholars.  He  collated  these  papyri  with  each  other,  word 
for  word,  and  thus  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  Egyptian 
literature  was  composed  in  syllabic  writing. 

He  furthermore  discovered  that  some  hieroglyphs  ex- 
pressed letters  different  from  those  which  Champollion  had 
found  in  Greek  and  Roman  proper  names.  He  learned,  for 
example,  that  the  mouth,  signifying  r  in  Ccesar,  Tiberius^ 
and  the  like  represented  k  and  kr  in  older  manuscripts.  It 
was  clear,  therefore,  that  the  Egyptians  must  have  had 
different  names  for  the  same  objects,  though  this  was  denied 
by  Champollion. 

Moreover,  in  translating  parts  of  the  Rosette  Stone  and 
other  hieroglyphic  texts,  it  was  discovered  that  the  lan- 
guage of  the  ancient  Egyptians  differed  from  the  modern 
Coptic  and  was  related  to  the  Hebrew.  This  theory  was 
strengthened  by  that  of  Josephus,  who  claims  that  the 
Egyptian  was  a  "sacred  dialect." 

Plutarch,  Clement  of  Alexandria,  and  other  authorities  bear 
witness  that  the  basis  of  the  hieroglyphs  was  the  primitive 
i^Noachiaii)  alphabet  of  25  letters.  This  tradition  was  con- 
firmed by  the  fact  that  several  hieroglyphic  figures  agreed 


12 

both  in  their  shape  and  pronunciation  with  the  Phcenician 
characters  derived  from  the  Noachian  alphabet. 

This  is,  in  short,  the  origin  of  the  author's  ''  Rudimenta 
Hierogliphices"  Lipsiae,  1826.  This  juvenile  work,  it  is 
true,  contains  many  absurdities,  but  its  fundamental  sub- 
stance is  correct,  as  subsequent  researches  have  proved.  At 
the  same  time  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  Egyptians 
never  used  ideologic  hieroglyphs;  that  many  figures  ex- 
pressed consonantal  syllables,  many  of  which  signified 
different  letters,  and  that  the  language  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians  was  a  Hebrew  dialect.  No  one,  however,  has  yet 
answered  the  principal  question,  viz.,  How  came  it  to  pass 
that  the  Egyptians  expressed  certain  consonantal  syllables 
by  certain  images:  for  instance,  the  letters  mlk,  by  the 
owl  and  the  queen-bee.''  The  answer  is,  each  hieroglyphic 
figure  regularly  expresses  according  to  syllables  the  co7i- 
sonants  contained  in  the  name  of  the  image.  The  owl, 
called  mulak,  and  the  queen-bee,  called  melik,  signified  mlk, 
because  their  names  contained  the  same  consonants.  The 
following  parallel  will  show  the  reader  how  much  Cham- 
pollion's  system  differs  from  that  of  the  writer : 

CHAMPOLLION.  SEYFFARTH. 

The    Egyptian    literature  The    Egyptian    literature 

originated   from  a  primitive  originated  from  the  primitive 

ideologic  method  of  writing.  alphabet  of  25  letters. 

Every  hieroglyphic  inscrip-  Every  hieroglyphic  inscrip- 
tion consists  partly  of  ideo-  tion  consists  partly  of  al- 
logic,  partly  of  alphabetic  phabetic,  partly  of  syllabic 
figures.  The  former  are  ex-  images.  None  of  the  630 
plainable  to  everybody's  hieroglyphs  express  a  word 
fancy.  Each  hieroglyph  ex-  ideologically, 
presses  always  the  same  let-  Some  hieroglyphs  express 
ter,  as  is  the  case  with  the  different  sounds,  because  they 
letters  in  all  alphabets.  were  called  differently  in  dif- 

The    language   subject  to  ferent  times,  or  represented 

Egyptian  literature  was  the  different  sexes  of  animals. 

Coptic,as  taught  in  the  Cop-  The    Egyptian     language 

tic    grammars  and   diction-  was  the  ancient  Coptic,  re- 

aries.  lated    to    the    Hebrew  and 

kindred  languages. 


13 

The  latter  topic  has  been  discussed  in  extcnso  in  the 
author's  "  Grammatica  Aegyptiaca,"  Leipzig,  1855. 

Every  friend  of  science  will  now  ask :  How  may  it  be 
demonstrated,  that  the  author's  theory  is  the  real  key  to  the 
Egyptian  literature  ?  The  following  argument  may  convince 
the  opponents  of  this  theory : 

The  first  grammatical  and  reliable  interpretation  of  the 
Rossette  Stone  was  published  by  Prof.  Uhlemann,  of  Got- 
tingen,  and  this  translation  could  only  have  been  executed 
by  means  of  the  author's  syllabic  hieroglyphs.  Champollion 
was  not  able  to  accomplish  this  task. 

The  author's  syllabic  hieroglyphs  were  published  in  I845, 
and  a  copy  transmitted  to  Prof.  Brugsch,  of  Berlin,  who 
presented  it  to  his  friend  Rouge,  and  afterwards  asked  for 
another  copy. 

By  means  of  these  syllabic  hieroglyphs,  totally  unknown 
to  Champollion,  Brugsch  explained  the  Rosette  Stone.  He 
took  122  hieroglyphs  for  syllabic  signs,  30  of  which  he  found 
in  said  pamphlet.  In  so  doing  he  heralded  Champollion  as 
the  learned  discoverer  of  the  key  to  the  Egyptian  literature, 
and  branded  the  author's  system  as  imaginary.  He  was, 
however,  challenged  to  show  Champollion's  syllabic  hiero- 
glyphs, but  failed  to  comply  with  this  request. 

In  185 1  Rouge  published  his  translation  of  an  inscription 
found  in  the  grave  of  Amos,  and  this  translation  was  based 
upon  the  writer's  syllabic  hieroglyphs.  He  took  30  figures 
for  the  same  syllables,  as  first  demonstrated  in  my  pam- 
phlet, which  had  been  presented  to  him  by  his  intimate 
friend,  Brugsch.  Rouge,  it  is  true,  was  honest  enough  not 
to  ascribe  the  discovery  of  the  syllabic  hieroglyphs  to  Cham- 
pollion, but  he  also  intentionally  omitted  the  author's  name. 

In  1848  Lepsius  translated  the  names  of  the  Egyptian 
Decani  by  means  of  my  above-mentioned  pamphlet,  a  copy 
of  which  was  in  his  hands.  He  took  21  hieroglyphs  for  syl- 
labic signs,  but  without  mentioning  the  names  of  the  dis- 
coverer and  of  the  book,  where  the  syllabic  meanings  of 
those  hieroglyphs  had  been  demonstrated  some  years  ago. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  from    1824  to  1880  neither 


14 

ChampolHon  nor  any  of  his  followers  succeeded  in  trans- 
lating any  hieroglyphic  text  entirely  without  bringing  out 
nonsense.  It  is  true,  Brugsch- Bey  has  published  an  Egyp- 
tian grammar  and  also  a  dictionary  in  four  volumes;  but 
these  works  are  not  based  upon  philological  interpretation 
of  complete  inscriptions,  but  on  short  phrases  severed  from 
the  context,  which  he  translated  according  to  his  fancy. 

The  author,  however,  has  published  50  grammatical  inter- 
pretations of  entire  hieroglyphic  texts.  Query  :  Is  a  hiero- 
glyphic system,  by  means  of  which  no  entire  text  can  be 
grammatically  translated,  and  no  translation  like  Lepsius' 
"Tanis  Stone"  can  be  philologically  commented  on,  the 
real  key  to  Egyptian  literature  } 

Furthermore,  as  often  as  I  published  a  new  grammatical 
interpretation  of  a  hieroglyphic  text  I  challenged  Lepsius, 
Brugsch-Bey,  Renouf,  Birch,  Goodwin,  etc.,  to  translate  the 
same  texts  according  to  Champollion's  system  gram- 
matically and  logically.  I  reminded  them  that,  in  case  they 
failed  to  accomplish  this  task,  they  would  pass  for  shameless 
calumniators ;  but  none  of  them  attempted  to  save  his 
reputation. 

In  spite  of  all  these  facts  the  Champollionists  up  to  the 
present  day  have  not  ceased  to  defame  truth. 

ChampolHon  published  in  1826  a  fulminant  libel  against 
my  "Rudimenta"  (Lettre  a  Blacas,  etc.,  Florence,  1826) 
which  was  easily  refuted  ("  Brevis  defensio  hieroglyphices 
authoris,"  Lipsiae,  1827),  because  his  principal  arguments 
were  merely  fictitious. 

Next,  Lepsius  in  several  public  lectures  stamped  the 
author's  system  a  literary  mess-work;  and  yet  this  Cham- 
pollionist  clandestinely  adopted  my  discovery,  published 
II  years  before  in  "Rudimenta  Hieroglyphices,"  that  Egyp- 
tian literature  was  a  syllabic  writing. 

In  1845  Bunsen's  work,  '■'Aegypten's  Stelhing  in  der  Welt- 
geschichte"  appeared  and  my  "Rudimenta"  were  called 
"a  dream"  in  it  !  But  in  the  same  work  he  published  a 
number  of  syllabic  hieroglyphs,  as  demonstrated  by  Lepsius 
and  Birch,  without  mentioning  that  the  same  discovery  had 


15 

been  made  19  years  earlier  by  the  author  of  "Rudimenta." 
Is  not  this  shameless  plagiarism  ? 

In  the  same  "  Rudimenta"  it  was  first  taught,  that  the 
language  subject  to  hieroglyphs  was  not  the  modern  but 
ancient  Coptic,  as  related  to  Hebrew.  In  Bunsen's  work 
(V.,  113)  we  read:  "It  was  impossible  by  means  of  the 
Coptic  alone  to  translate  the  works  of  the  ancient  Egyp- 
tians. Whoever  tried  it,  wrestled  with  an  impossibility  !  " 
Bunsen  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  the  "  sacred  dialect'' 
of  the  Egyptians  must  have  been  the  ancient  Coptic,  re- 
lated to  Hebrew.  Is  it  not  a  singular  phenomenon,  that  a 
Champollionist  dreamed  the  same  dream,  which  another 
person  had  dreamed  19  years  before  .■* 

In  185 1  Brugsch,  as  has  been  previously  stated,  clandes- 
tinely appropriated  my  discovery  that  the  Egyptian  litera- 
ture was  a  syllabic  writing.  Soon  after,  he  adopted  in  the 
same  way  two  other  discoveries ;  first,  the  rule,  that  several 
hieroglyphs  express  different  letters  and  syllables,  as  will 
be  seen  in  his  Egyptian  geography  and  in  his  Egyptian 
grammar  and  dictionary.  This  discovery  constitutes  a  very 
important  part  of  the  author's  theory.  For  instance,  who- 
ever presumes  that  the  figure  of  the  month,  signifying  r  in 
Ccesar  always  expresses  r,  and  not  very  often  kr  or  k,  is 
unable  to  explain  the  Rosette  and  Tanis  Stones,  and  a 
thousand  other  Egyptian  texts. 

The  same  Champollionist,  moreover,  abandoned  his 
master's  theory,  according  to  which  the  modern  Coptic  is 
the  basis  of  the  ancient  Egyptian  literature,  for  in  his  dic- 
tionary he  refers  numberless  Egyptian  groups  to  Hebrew 
roots,  and  impresses  upon  his  readers  (Diet.  Vol.  IV.,  Pre- 
face) by  saying  it  was  his  friend  Benfey  ("Aegyptische  und 
Semitische  Sprache,"  1844)  who  first  ^/rt://  discovered  the 
affinity  of  Coptic  and  the  Hebrew.  But  many  Coptic  words, 
referred  to  Hebrew  roots,  were  already  published  in  Peyou's 
Coptic  Dictionary,  Turin,  1835,  ^'^d  the  first  hieroglyphic 
words  containing  Hebrew  roots,  will  be  seen  in  the  author's 
"Rudimenta,"  published  18  years  prior  to  Benfey.  Many 
similar  words  showing  the  relationship  between  Coptic  and 


i6 

Hebrew  will  be  found  in  the  author's  "Astronomia  Aegyp- 
tiaca,"  1833,  "Alphabeta  genuina,"  1840,  and  in  his  "  Grund- 
satze,"  1843.  Now,  is  it  true  that  Benfey  "  first  of  all  "  dis- 
covered the  affinity  of  the  Coptic  and  Hebrew  languages  ? 

Besides,  Benfey  never  intended  to  refer  the  Coptic  dic- 
tionary to  the  Hebrew,  which  is  the  principal  object  of 
Egyptian  philology,  but  he  confined  himself  to  a  small  number 
of  Coptic  particles  parallelled  with  Hebrew  ones.  Almost 
all  the  Hebrew  words  obvious  in  Egyptian  texts  and  cited 
by  Brugsch  are  taken  from  the  author's  publications,  especi- 
ally from  his  "  Theologische  Schriften,"  and  I  admire  the 
sagacity  with  which  this  Champollionist,  totally  ignorant 
of  Hebrew,  identified  the  Coptic  tele  (finger)  with  the  Hebrew 
egba  (finger).  What  is  the  real  scope  of  this  literary  effort  ? 
Perhaps  the  cunning  Bey  speculated  thus:  Champollion's 
grammar  and  dictionary  are,  at  present,  antiquated  and  the 
author's  publications  are  ignored.  My  theory  must  be  trans- 
formed as  much  as  possible  into  Champollion's  system,  in 
order  to  preserve  the  reputation  of  that  Frenchman  and  his 
present  followers. 

Finally,  Ebers,  the  novelist  and  an  eminent  pupil  of 
Lepsius,  followed  in  the  steps  of  his  master.  He  delivered 
several  public  lectures  in  which  he  tried  to  convert  his 
audience  to  the  belief  that  Champollion  and  no  one  else  had 
discovered  the  key  to  Egyptian  literature.  A  few  days 
later  Prof.  Wuttke,  of  Leipzig  University,  delivered  a  public 
lecture  and  declared  that  Seyffarth  was  the  discoverer  of 
the  key  to  Egyptian  literature.  This  lecture  was  reported 
in  the  daily  press  and  created  a  great  sensation.  Its  con- 
tents are  to  be  found  in  "Europa,  eine  Chronik  fur  die  ge- 
bildete  Welt,"  Leipzig,  November,  1856. 

Instead  of  confessing  his  calumnies.  Prof.  Ebers  attacked 
the  writer  in  the  N.  Y.  Staatszeitung  of  1871,  and  made  the 
following  remarks  : 

I.  ''It  is  a  fact  that  Champollioti's  system  has  triumphed.''* 

This  is  a  serious  mistake.  Champollion's  original  theory 
is  forgotten,  and   what    Brugsch  in  his  grammar  and  die- 


17 

tionary  styles  Champollion's  system  is,  in  fact,  my  own 
system.  ChampoUion,  in  all  his  publications  from  1823  to 
1842,  denied  the  existence  of  syllabic  hieroglyphs,  while 
Brugsch's  grammar  and  dictionary  produce  nearly  600  syl- 
labic hieroglyphs,  of  which  the  majority  will  be  found  in  the 
author's  "Grammatica  Aegyptiaca"  and  in  some  of  his  earlier 
works,  but  nowhere  in  Champollion's  publications.  The  old 
rule,  siium  cuique,  has  become  obsolete  with  some  pro- 
fessors. 

ChampoUion  taught,  that  every  phonetic  hieroglyph  ex- 
presses only  one  sound,  i.  e.,  that,  with  which  the  name  of 
the  figure  commences.  Brugsch,  on  the  contrary,  ascribes 
to  nearly  all  hieroglyphs  a  variety  of  phonetic  values,  and 
styles  this  departure  "the  polyphony  of  hieroglyphs."  This 
"  polyphony"  however  was  not  discovered  by  ChampoUion 
but  by  the  author,  as  may  be  learned  from  his  "Rudimenta" 
(1826). 

According  to  ChampoUion,  the  Coptic  language  was  the 
basis  of  Egyptian  literature.  Brugsch,  on  the  contrary,  re- 
duces several  hieroglyphic  words  to  Hebrew  words,  without 
mentioning  that  the  writer  had  done  the  same  many  years 
before. 

Now,  which  system  triumphs  at  present,  Champollion's  or 
that  of  the  author,  passing  under  another  name  .-' 

2.  ''The  syllabic  hieroglyphs"  Ebers  says,  ''were  not  dis- 
covered by  Seyffarth,  btit  by  CJiampollion  or  Lepsius." 
(Which  is  true,  the  former  or  the  latter }) 

Our  Champollionist  probably  forgot  what  his  master  men- 
tioned in  all  of  his  works  from  1823  to  1842,  to-wit  :  that 
no  hieroglyphs  express  a  syllable.  He  also  forgot  that 
no  plate  representing  syllabic  hieroglyphics,  like  those  in 
the  writer's  "  Grammatica  Aegyptiaca,"  is  to  be  found  in 
Champollion's  work.  On  this  occasion  he  will  allow  me  to 
remind  him  of  a  passage  in  Prof  Uhlemann's  "  Thoth  :" 
"Whoever  maintains  that  anybody  discovered  syllabic 
hieroglyphs  prior  to  Seyffarth,  is  a  liar." 


J.  "//  is  a  certainty  that  Lepsiiis  in  iSjy  discovered  the 
first  syllabic  hieroglyphs.  Seyffarth  adopted  a  foreign  dis- 
covery T 

Indeed  !  Did  our  learned  Egyptologist  not  know,  that  the 
syllabic  theory  was  taught,  and  that  the  first  syllabic  hiero- 
glyphics were  determined,  1 1  years  prior  to  Lepsius  ? 

By  the  way,  the  key  to  Egyptian  literature  is  not  to  be 
found  in  a  few  images,  which  express  syllables;  but  the  ques- 
tion is :  How  came  it  to  pass,  that  the  Egyptians  expressed 
different  syllables  by  630  hieroglyphs,  and  according  to  what 
rule  did  a  certain  hieroglyph  signify  a  certain  syllable  ?  The 
answer  is :  Every  hieroglyphic  image  expresses  syllabically 
the  two  or  three  consonants  contained  in  the  name  of  the 
image,  the  vowels,  as  is  the  case  in  Hebrew,  being  omitted. 

This  key  was  wholly  unknown  to  Lepsius  and  Birch,  and, 
consequently  nearly  all  their  syllabic  hieroglyphs  are  erro- 
neous. They  only  fixed  the  syllabic  values  of  some  hiero- 
glyhs  by  mere  guessing. 

The  only  way  to  fix  the  syllabic  values  of  our  630  hiero- 
glyphs is  the  following :  Arrange  them  in  natural  classes 
(heavenly  and  geographical  objects,  limbs  of  man  and  beast, 
etc.),  and  you  will  see  where  a  connecting  link  of  the  series 
is  wanted.  In  the  next  place,  look  for  the  name  of  each 
figure,  and  finally,  translate  gramatically  our  bilingual  and 
other  inscriptions,  in  accordance  with  the  syllabic  hiero- 
glyphs. Our  Champollionist  will  then  comprehend  the  real 
key  to  Egyptian  literature. 

4.  ''By  means  of  Seyffarth' s  system,"  Ebers  continues,  "  if 
is  impossible  to  read  half  a  line" 

Did  he  not  know  that  the  author's  grammar  contains  11 
grammatical  interpretations  of  entire  texts,  that  by  his 
method  20  other  complete  inscriptions  were  analyzed,  and 
that  Prof.  Uhlemann  explained  by  means  of  my  system  the 
Rosettana  and  other  entire  chapters  of  the  so-called 
"  Todtenbuch !" 


19 

5-  ^^  According  to  Chainpollio7is  system"  our  truth-loving' 
friend  continues,  "  the  TodtenbucJi  can  really  be  translated 
as  the  complete  translation  by  S.  BircJi  demonstrates^ 

Translations  of  Egyptian  texts,  in  which  the  originals  are 
omitted  and  the  pronunciation  of  every  hieroglyph  is  not 
fixed,  and  every  group  is  not  referred  to  its  root,  in  one 
word,  in  which  there  are  neither  a  grammatical  analysis  nor 
a  philological  commentary,  do  not  at  all  prove  the  correctness 
of  Champollion's  system.  Give  Mr.  Birch  any  Chinese  text 
and  he  will  translate  it  as  faithfully  as  the  "  Todtenbuch^'' 
at  least  in  the  eyes  of  ignorant  readers. 

6.  ^' By  means  of  Brugsch^s  grammar  and  dictionary l^  our 
learned  Oedipus  continues,  "everyone,  now-a-days  can 
read  and  translate  any  hieroglyphic  textT 

If  true,  I  challenge  him  to  translate  and  interpret  the 
"  Pompeian  Tablet,"  as  it  has  been  done  in  the  "Transac- 
tions of  the  Academy  of  Science,"  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  (Vol. 
IV.)  This  inscription  is  to  be  analyzed  and  philologically 
commented  on  according  to  Champollion's  system,  as  de- 
veloped by  Brugsch. 

7.  "  SeyffartJis  merits  are  unimportant  and  limited^ 

This  is  a  fact.  I  have  no  merits  at  all.  I  never  longed 
for  fading  laurels,  and  have  only  worked  for  the  glory  of 
Him  who  is  the  Truth,  and  condemns  all  falsehood.  I  have 
never  been  able  to  write  Egyptian  romances,  nor  to  discover 
that  honey  was  a  medicinal  plant,  and  that  a  gallon  of 
"Lagerbier"  constitutes  a  dose  for  a  sick  person. 


TRIENNIAL  RESEARCHES 

-IN- 
EGYPTIAN   MUSEUMS  AND  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES 

IN   SOUTHERN   GERMANY,   ITALY,   FRANCE, 
ENGLAND   AND   HOLLAND. 


In  1826,  the  author,  after  having  convinced  himself  that 
the  literary  remains  of  ancient  Egypt  could  not  be  trans- 
lated without  studying  the  principal  papyri  and  inscriptions, 
asked  and  obtained  permission  to  visit  the  libraries  and 
museums  of  several  European  countries.  The  Saxon  Gov- 
ernment aided  him  by  a  donation  of  400  thalers. 

During  this  time  and  subsequently  many  very  important 
Egyptian  antiquities  were  brought  to  light. 

I .  The  origin  of  Manethds  Egyptian  History^  written  in 
Hieratic  characters. 

The  Egyptian  museum  of  Turin  preserved  a  huge  box 
with  at  least  half  a  million  of  papyrus  fragments,  of  which 
the  largest  were  three  inches  long  and  two  inches  broad.  I 
perceived  at  a  glance,  that  some  of  these  fragments  once 
formed  part  of  a  historical  papyrus,  like  Manetho's  "  Cata- 
logue of  Egyptian  Dynasties."  I  devoted  six  weeks  to  a 
close  examination  of  each  of  the  fragments,  and  put  them 
together  as  far  as  was  possible.  The  papyrus  I  thus  obtained, 
was  eight  feet  long  and  one  foot  high,  and  it  corresponds  in 
all  respects  to  our  Greek  Manetho,  as  preserved  by  Josephus 
Julius  Africanus,  Eusebius  and  others.  It  commences  with 
the  enumeration  of  the  seven  great  gods,  the  planets 
and   the   twelve   gods   of  the   second  class,  the  so-called 


21 

Zodiac  gods.  Next  are  enumerated  the  dynasties  of 
Tanis,  Heracleapolis,  Memphis,  Thebes,  etc.,  and  the 
years  and  months  during  which  each  dynasty  and  king 
reigned.  The  Hyksos,  the  Canaan  Shepherd  Kings,  corre- 
spond to  Josephus's  Shepherd  Kings,  the  Israelites.  The 
hieratic  characters  of  this  papyrus  belong  to  the  age  of 
Lagides.  As  numberless  names  contain  corrections,  consist- 
ing of  very  small  pieces  fastened  with  gum  arabic  on  the 
original  letters,  it  cannot  be  the  work  of  a  copyist,  but  must 
have  been  done  by  the  compilator  of  the  royal  names  him- 
self. I  do  not  hesitate  to  state  that  this  papyrus  scroll, 
which  was  the  second  bilingual  monument  discovered  after 
the  Rosette  Stone,  was  written  by  Manetho  himself 

It  is  a  great  misfortune  that  this  important  papyrus  is 
very  imperfect.  The  same  box  had  been  examined  by 
Champollion  two  years  before,  and  after  having  selected 
one  fragment  of  the  same  papyrus  he  authoritatively  ordered 
the  custos,  Signor  Cantu,  while  the  Director  of  the  Museum, 
Cavaliere  St.  Quintino,  was  in  London,  to  put  the  rest  of  the 
papyrus  into  the  privy ! 

Signor  Cantu  told  me  that  thus  at  least  two-thirds  of  the 
papyrus  was  lost  forever.  So  we  owe  to  Champollion's  rash- 
ness the  loss  of  the  most  important  relic  of  Egyptian  an- 
tiquity. The  papyrus,  when  sent  from  Cairo  to  Turin,  was 
complete,  but  in  consequence  of  imperfect  packing  it 
crumbled  into  fragments.  It  must  have  contained  about 
200  royal  names,  like  the  Greek  Manetho. 

2.  The  Flaminian  obelisk  m  Rome,  translated  by  Her- 
mapion.  ^ 

It  was  known  a  long  time  before,  that  the  obelisk  trans- 
ferred to  Rome  by  the  Emperor  Augustus  had  been  trans- 
lated by  Hermapion,  an  Egyptian  priest,  but  nobody  had 
discovered  that  the  obelisk  now  standing  on  the  Porta  del 
Popolo  was  Hermapion's  original.  Even  Champollion  was 
not  aware  of  the  fact,  and  one  day,  in  1826,  he  said  to  me : 
*'  Hermapion's  obeHsk  must  still  lie  in  a  cellar."  The  trans- 
lation of  this  interesting  monument  will  be  found  in  the 


22 

author's  "  Theologische  Schriften."     This  was  the  third  in- 
scription accompanied  by  an  ancient  version. 

J.  Erathosthenes's  Laterculian,  the  translation  of  the  Tablet 
of  Abydos,  at  present  in  the  British  Museum. 

The  famous  historian  and  mathematician,  Eratosthenes 
(270  B.  C),  expressly  states  that  he  translated  the  cata- 
logue of  38  Theban  kings  into  Greek,  but  nobody  could 
point  out  the  original.  This  laterculum  represents  the 
fourth  bilingual  hieroglyphic  text. 

4.  The  geographical  altar  of  Turin  of  the  time  of  Take- 
lop  his,  poo  B.  C. 

The  cities  of  Egypt  enumerated  by  ancient  geographers 
and  Copto-Arabic  manuscripts  are  well  known,  and  the  same 
cities  are  recorded  by  the  Turin  altar  in  a  geographical 
order.  It  mentions,  first,  the  cities  of  the  south  and  then 
those  of  the  north  ;  thirdly,  the  eastern,  and  finally,  the 
western  cities  of  the  Delta.  This  monument  refutes  Brugsch's 
Egyptian  Geography  in  numberless  instances. 

5.  The  Tablet  of  Shishak  containing  the  names  of  120  cities 
of  Palestine  existing  in  the  age  of  Rehoboam,  ^4.6  B.  C. 

The  names  and  sites  of  the  principal  cities  of  Palestine  are 
universally  known,  especially  by  the  researches  of  Robinson 
and  Raumer.  These  cities  are  enumerated  hieroglyphically 
on  this  tablet.  They  were,  however,  inexplicable  to 
Brugsch.  This  interesting  monument  forms  the  sixth  bi- 
lingual inscription. 

6.  The  Decani  and  Constellation  with  their  Egyptian 
names,  1600  B.  C. 

These  inscriptions  prove  that  the  present  constellations  in 
the  sky  exactly  agree  with  the  ancient  Egyptian  ones. 
They  are  bilingual  and  proved  inexplicable  to  Lepsius,  who, 
for  instance,  translated  "  Cubiti  Leonis"  by  "The  two 
Feathers  of  the  Giant." 

7.  A  mimber  of  mummy-coffins  with  hieroglypliic  and  Greek 
legends,  found  in  the  museums  of  Turin,  Paris,  London  and 
Berlin. 


23 

By  means  of  these  seven  new  bilingual  inscriptions  it  was 
an  easy  matter  to  fix  the  syllabic  value  of  a  great  many 
hieroglyphic  groups. 

Let  us  now  mention  some  other  Egyptian  antiquities  dis- 
covered since  1826. 

8.   The  75-feet  long  hieroglyphic  papyrus  at  Turin. 

This  scroll  is  the  most  complete  copy  of  the  sacred 
records.  It  was  published  in  1842  by  Lepsius,  but  incor- 
rectly. He  changed  the  "wild  pigeon"  into  "sparrow"  and 
dated  the  original  inscription  back  to  1500  or  1400  B.  C. 

p.  The  wooden  seal  in  the  Museum  of  the  New  York  His- 
torical Society. 

The  inscription  of  this  antiquity  represents  exactly  the 
same  name  for  which  the  above-mentioned  Turin  copy  of 
the  sacred  records  was  written,  and  adds  that  this  person 
was  the  high-priest  of  Phtha  in  the  temple  of  King  Take- 
lophis,  850  B.  C.  According  to  this  statement  the  Turin 
"Todtenbuch"  is  several  hundred  years  later  than  Lepsius 
fancied. 

10.  The  oldest  copy  of  the  sacred  records  written  lySo  B.  C. 
A  few  years  ago  an  American  traveler  found  at  Thebes  in 

Egypt  a  papyrus  nearly  46  feet  long,  of  which  photographs 
were  sent  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  which  in  turn 
forwarded  them  to  me.  This  remarkable  scroll  agrees  with 
all  other  copies  of  the  sacred  Egyptian  records  ;  it  was 
written  for  the  wife  of  King  Horus,  who,  according  to  a 
planetary  configuration  on  his  temple  at  Thebes,  reigned 
about  1780  B.  C. 

This  papyrus  was  afterwards  sold  to  the  National  Museum 
of  Paris  for  $1,600. 

11.  The  Papyrtis  Minutoli  in  Berlin. 

This  hieratic  papyrus,  nearly  as  complete  as  the  one  of 
Turin,  corresponds  with  all  other  copies  of  the  sacred  Egyp- 
tian records.  Its  chapters,  however,  are  numbered,  and  this 
fact  demonstrates  that  all  copies  of  this  sacred  book  must 
have  originated  from  an  old  work,  perhaps  written  by 
Athothis,  the  son  of  Menes,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the 
author  of  the  sacred  Egyptian  writings.     This  papyrus,  to- 


24 

gether  with  several  hundred  manuscripts  in  the  Museum  of 
Turin,  furnished  a  complete  system  of  the  Egyptian  cyphers, 
which  has  been  published  by  Champollion  in  Kosegarten! s 
work,  "  De  prisca  Aegyptiorum  literatura,"  and  more  com- 
pletely by  the  writer  in  his  "Alphabeta  genuina,"  1847. 

12.  Gen.  Geo.  Stone's  papyrus,  written  about  goo  B.  C. 

Gen.  Stone,  while  traveling  in  Egypt  in  1858,  acquired  a 
hieratically  written  five-feet  long  papyrus,  found  on  the 
body  of  an  extraordinarily  ornamented  mummy.  The 
defunct  was  a  general  of  King  Shisham,  who  conquered 
Egypt  in  the  fifth  year  of  Rehoboam,  946  B.  C. 

/J.   The  oldest  papyrus  in  the  Museum  of  Turin. 

This  immense  collection  of  nearly  100,000  Egyptian  an- 
tiquities preserves  a  hieratic  papyrus  referring  to  the  fifth 
year  of  Thuthmos  III.,  1882  B.  C.  This  Thuthmos  III.  was 
the  same  king  who  perished  in  the  Red  Sea  while  pursuing 
the  Israelites,  1866  B.  C.  As  this  king,  according  to 
Josephus  and  Eusebius,  reigned  for  26  years,  this  papyrus 
was  written  22  years  prior  to  the  exodus  of  the  Israelites. 
Is  this  not  a  wonderful  confirmation  of  the  Bible }  Moses 
was,  in  fact,  the  author  of  the  Pentateuch. 

Another  Turin  papyrus  refers  to  Ramses  II.,  who  lived 
200  years  later. 

i^.  The  representations  of  the  catacombs  of  Osimandya  and 
his  son,  Ramses  II.,  about  i6go  B.  C. 

It  is  known  that  the  valley,  Biban  el  Moluk,  west  of 
Thebes,  once  contained  42  royal  catacombs,  or  subterranean 
excavations  for  preserving  royal  and  other  mummies.  A 
Turin  papyrus,  of  which  about  two-thirds  have  been  pre- 
served, represents  the  catacombs  of  Ramses  II.,  and  nearly 
all  the  chambers  therein.  In  each  chamber  there  is  stated 
how  long,  wide  and  high  it  was  according  to  the  Egyptian 
ell  and  its  inches,  of  which  three  originals  are  preserved  in 
the  museums  of  Turin,  Paris  and  Leyden.  The  same  cata- 
comb and  all  its  chambers  were  measured  by  the  French 
during  the  expedition  of  1799,  and  thus  it  became  an  easy 
matter  to  compare  the  modern  and  ancient  measurements, 


25 

and  it  was  proved  that  the  Turin,  Paris  and  Leyden  cubits 
represented  the  regular  measures  of  the  ancient  Egyptians. 
Moreover,  since  the  Israelites  brought  with  them  the  same 
ells  to  Arabia  and  Palestine,  it  is  self-evident  that,  by  means 
of  the  Egytian  cubits  all  Hebrew  measurements  in  the  Old 
Testament  are  determined.  Besides,  in  the  same  box  in 
which  Manetho's  autograph  was  discovered,  the  fragments  of 
another  large  papyrus  were  found,  of  which  one  side  deline- 
ates the  same  catacomb  of  Ramses  II.,  and  the  other  that 
of  Osimandya. 

15.  The  first  astronomical  papyrus. 

In  1826,  simultaneous  with  the  hieratic  Manetho,  this  im- 
portant papyrus,  as  reproduced  in  the  author's  "Astronomia 
Aegyptiaca,"  was  discovered.  Its  first  division  shows  the 
Zodiac  with  its  stars  and  cardinal  points,  the  next  three 
squares  contain  the  images  of  the  planets.  The  whole 
represents  the  planetary  configuration,  as  observed  Decem- 
ber 23d,  128  B.  C.  In  connection  with  these  papyri  are  to  be 
mentioned  the 

16.  Sportful  delineations  of  human  life^ 

found  in  the  same  box  with  Manetho's  autograph.  We  specify 
the  following  scenes  :  A  cat  and  a  rat  having  discovered  a 
bowl  of  milk  quarrel  and  fight  over  its  possession,  which 
gives  rise  to  a  fatal  war  between  the  tribes  of  these  two 
animals.  The  king  of  the  rats  mounts  his  chariot,  drawn 
by  two  galloping  dogs,  and  attacks  the  army  of  the  cats. 
The  latter  are  put  to  flight  and  seek  protection  in  a  fort, 
which  by  means  of  ladders  is  captured  by  the  rats. 
Another  picture  represents  the  subterranean  palace  of  a  rat. 
The  housekeeper  is  just  carrying  a  stone  jug  to  the  vintry. 
The  barn  is  full  of  sheaves,  and  the  mice  take  advantage  of 
it.  In  the  rear,  however,  the  cats  linger.  In  the  entrance 
to  the  cave  four  traveling  musicians  stand,  of  whom  two, 
the  ass  and  the  lion,  sing  a  duet,  which  the  former  accom- 
panies with  the  harp  and  the  latter  with  a  lyre.  A  monkey 
plays  the  flute  and  a  crocodile  shakes  the  cymbals. 

The  second  part  of  this  papyrus  shows  the  great  differ- 
ence between  Paganism  and  Christianity. 


26 

17.  The  colossal  arragonite  sarcophagus  of  Osimandya  in 
Lo7ido7t. 

This  precious  relic  of  Egyptian  art  and  science  was  dis- 
covered in  Osimandya's  catacomb  by  Belzoni.  Its  sculp- 
tures represent  the  nativity  of  the  king. 

18.  The  colossal  granite  sarcophagus  of  Ramses  II.  in 
Paris. 

This  was  found  in  the  catacomb  of  said  king,  whose 
nativity  is  related  by  interior  and  exterior  inscriptions. 

19.  The  colossal  granite  sarcophagus  in  the  British 
Museum. 

The  so-called  sarcophagus  of  Alexander  the  Great  be- 
longs to  Takelophis,  850  B.  C.  Its  sculptures  represent  the 
nativity  of  the  king. 

20.  The  wooden  mummy-coffin  in  the  Museum  of  Leeds, 
England. 

This  represents  the  nativity  of  the  secretary  of  Osimandya 
and  Ramses  II.,  who  reigned  at  the  same  time  ;  it  refers  to 
the  year  1722  B.  C.  The  computation  of  this  planetary  con- 
figuration was  confirmed  by  Prof.  Mitchel,  late  Director  of 
the  Dudley  Observatory  of  Albany,  N.  Y. 

21.  The  sarcophagus  in  the  museum  of  Leipzig  Uni- 
versity. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  relics  of  Egyptian  art. 
It  consists  of  juniper  wood  and  contains  nearly  3,000  hiero- 
glyphs in  relief.  They  are  cut  so  carefully  and  beautifully 
that  it  may  be  fairly  said  they  emulate  Greek  art.  The 
inner  inscriptions  represent  the  nativity  of  the  secretary  of 
King  Raphakes,  1523  B.  C. 

22.  The  Isis  Tablet,  Tabula  Bembina,  at  present  in  Turin, 
was  formerly  taken  for  the  original  ten  commandments,  for 
the  mysteries  of  Isis,  and  even  for  the  secrets  of  the  mag- 
netic needle.  In  1833  it  was  discovered  that  this  copper- 
plate with  numberless  silver  hieroglyphs  represented  the 
nativity  of  the  Emperor  Trajanus,  54  A.  C. 

23.  The  Zodiac  of  Dendera,  discovered  1799  by  the  French 
expedition  and  soon  after  sent  to  Paris,  created  such  an  ex- 
citement that  the  government  was  obliged  to  hide  it  from 


27 

the  public.  It  called  forth  more  than  fifty  pamphlets.  The 
general  conviction  was  that  this  blackened  sandstone  tablet 
originated  17,000  B.  C.  The  planetary  constellations  of 
this  relic,  however,  proved  that  it  referred  to  the  nativity  of 
the  Emperor  Nero,  37  A.  D. 

24.  The  Tablet  of  Po7npeiiy  discovered  in  the  so-called 
Temple  of  Isis,  belongs,  according  to  Brugsch,  to  the  age  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  and  according  to  Goodwin,  to  the 
time  of  the  Persian  conquest  of  Egypt,  520  B.  C.  None  of 
these  professors  were  able  to  translate  this  text  of  20  lines. 
It  is  now  taken  for  granted  that  this  tablet  belongs  to  the 
time  of  Vespasian. 

25.  The  Tablet  of  Karnak  represents  the  kings  of  Mizraim 
from  Menes  down  to  Thuthmos  III.  The  latter  was  the 
Pharaoh  who,  while  pursuing  the  Israelites,  perished  in  the 
Red  Sea,  1866  B.  C. 

26.  The  planetary  configuration  in  Burton's  ^^Excerpta 
Hieroglyphica  "  (II.,  15)  confirms  Menes'  arrival  in  Egypt 
in  2780  B.  C.  The  inscription  clearly  expresses  the  name  of 
Menes  by  the  crescent  upon  which  that  king  stands,  the 
crescent  being  called  man,  the  Greek  Mi]y,  symbolically 
signifying  mn,  i.  e.  Mene-s. 

27.  The  ivory  tablet  found  in  the  ruins  of  Nineveh. 
Layard  and  all  his  followers  give  the  year  606  B.  C.  as  the 

time  of  the  destruction  of  Nineveh,  but  this  ivory  tablet, 
found  in  the  ruins  of  Nineveh  and  now  in  possession  of  the 
British  Museum,  bears  the  name  of  Hofra,  an  Egyptian 
king  who  was  deposed  by  Nebuchadnezar  five  years  before 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  i.  e.,  in  579  B.  C.  It  is,  there- 
fore, self-evident  that  the  ruins  of  Mossul  cannot  be  older 
than  579  B.  C. 

28.  In  1826  there  existed  only  one  Coptic  dictionary,  a 
very  imperfect  one  by  Woide.  The  second  object  of  the 
author's  triennial  tour  was  to  collect  material  for  a  complete 
dictionary.  The  large  number  of  Coptic  manuscripts  in  the 
Vatican  were  inaccessible  ;  but  in  the  Propaganda  I  found 
many  Copto-Arabic  glossaries.  By  and  by  my  copies  of 
Coptic  manuscripts  filled  12  volumes,  by  means  of  which  I 


28 

commenced  to  compile  a  Coptic  dictionary,  arranged 
according  to  the  consonants.  This  work  remained,  how- 
ever, unfinished  up  to  the  present  day. 

29.  The  Indian  atttiqtiities  discovered  in  mounds  near 
Davenport,  Iowa. 

One  of  these  tablets  repr-esents  the  exodus  of  the  animals 
from  Noah's  Ark.  In  the  midst  of  forty  or  more  animals,  of 
which  the  elephant  is  clearly  pointed  out,  we  see  old  Noah 
with  a  stick,  and  his  wife  standing  behind.  On  the  reverse 
the  antediluvian  wickedness  is  represented. 

Another  tablet  shows  the  twelve  signs  of  the  Zodiac  and 
the  seven  planets. 

How  these  antiquities  enriched  human  knowledge  will  be 
specified  in  the  following  short  articles. 


The  Key  to  all  Ancient  Pagan  Religions. 

During  the  present  and  last  centuries  numberless  books 
were  written  for  the  purpose  of  interpreting  the  real  signi- 
ficance of  the  deities  of  paganism.  Some  mythologists 
maintained  that  the  pagan  gods  were  originally  historical 
personages  of  by-gone  days.  Miiller  taught  that  the  gods 
of  Greece  and  Rome  represented  local  spirits  ;  Brugsch,  the 
eminent  Champollionist,  discovered  that  the  Egyptian 
deities,  with  their  animal  heads,  typified  fictitious  kings,  who 
in  this  strange  disguise  terrified  their  enslaved  subjects. 

The  most  wonderful  exposition  of  Egyptian  mythology  is, 
however,  to  be  found  in  Duncker's  "Geschichte  des  Alter- 
thums,"  These  hypotheses  fail  to  explain  how  it  came  to 
pass,  that  all  nations  of  old  worshipped  7  principal  (the 
7  Cabiri)  and  12  minor  gods. 

All  ancient  reports  concur  in  stating  that  all  pagan  re- 
ligions originated  in  Babylonia  prior  to  the  dispersion  of  the 
nations.  "  Babylon,"  Jeremiah  says,  "has  been  the  golden 
cup  in  the  Lord's  hand  that  made  all  the  earth  drunken;  the 
nations  have  drunken  of  her  wine,  therefore  the  nations  are 
mad."     And  in  another  place  the  same  prophet  says  :  "  The 


29 

pagans  will  spread  (the  bones  of  the  prophets)  before  the 
sun  and  the  moon,  and  all  the  hosts  of  heaven,  whom  they 
have  loved,  and  whom  they  have  served,  and  after  whom 
they  have  walked,  and  whom  they  have  sought,  and  whom 
they  have  worshipped." 

Plutarch  and  Lutatius  report  that  "  the  deities  of  the 
Greeks  and  barbarians,  both  in  the  North  and  the  South, 
are  the  same."  Cicero  writes  :  **  Quot  hominum  linguae  tot 
nomina  deorum."  The  Greeks  and  Romans  constantly 
paralleled  their  deities  with  those  of  Egypt,  Gallia,  Ger- 
many and  the  Orient. 

As  all  Pagan  religious  deities  originated  from  the  same 
source,  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  elucidate  their  signification, 

Aristotle  says :  '*  It  is  stated  by  the  ancients,  or  rather 
by  the  very  ancients,  that  the  planets  and  the  constellations 
were  the  original  deities."  The  Egyptian  priest,  Chaere- 
mon,  asserts :  "  Aegyptii  non  alios  ponunt  deos  praeter 
vulgo  dictos  planetas  atque  Zodiaci  signa."  Apart  from 
these  seven  planets  and  the  twelve  zodiacal  gods,  the  an- 
cient nations  worshipped  the  Creator  of  the  Universe,  called 
Deus  optimus  maximus,  the  father  both  of  men  and  the 
deities,  the  Allfatur  of  the  Northern  nations,  the  Parabrama 
of  the  Indians,  etc. 

Porphyrius  testifies  that  the  sacred  animals  of  the  Egyp- 
tians symbolized  **  Dei  in  res  omnes  potentiam  quam  singuli 
deorum  declarant." 

These  notes  will  convince  every  reader  that  the  Egyptians 
worshipped,  first,  the  Creator  of  the  Universe;  second,  the 
seven  planets;  and,  thirdly,  the  seven  zodiacal  gods.  All 
ancient  religions  consisted  of  theism  modified  by  astrology. 


30 

The  Key  to  the  Astronomical  Monuments  of  the 

Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Cyprians, 

Indians,  Mexicans,  etc. 

Diodorus  Siculus  writes,  that  the  Egpytians  were  ardent 
star-gazers  and  preserved  their  observations  of  the  planets. 
The  same  statement  is  testified  by  Aristotle  ("  De  Coelo," 
II.,  12.)  Simplicius  says  :  "  Apud  Aegyptios  observationes 
astronomiae  extant  ante  2,000  annos  factae."  Cicero  writes 
{"De  divin.  L,  i.):  "Aegyptii  longinquitate  temporum 
innumerabilibus  paene  saeculis  consecuti  putantur." 

The  observations  of  the  planetary  configurations  are  of 
the  greatest  importance  for  ancient  history  and  chro- 
nology; for  it  is  a  well-established  fact  that  the  seven 
planets  together  cannot  return  to  the  same  places  of  the 
zodiac  prior  to  2,146  years.  During  this  period  the  planets 
perform  their  revolutions.  As  the  ancients  were  in  the 
habit  of  observing  planetary  configurations  on  occasions  of 
important  events,  for  instance,  on  the  coronation  of  a  new 
king,  on  the  birth  of  royal  persons,  etc.,  a  planetary  con- 
figuration referred  to  a  certain  event,  and  the  date  of  the 
latter  may  be  ascertained  with  mathematical  accuracy. 

The  next  question  is :  By  what  monuments  or  relics  are 
planetary  configurations  represented  } 

The  signs  of  the  zodiac  or  of  the  twelve  gods  may  be 
seen  on  numerous  temple  walls,  sarcophagi,  mummy  coffins, 
papyri,  and  implements.  We  need  only  mention  the 
mummy  coffin  of  Leeds,  two  sarcophagi  in  the  British 
Museum,  the  three  tablets  of  the  Turin  zodiac,  etc.  The 
rows  of  gods  on  these  relics  Champollion  declared  inexplic- 
able; they  were  only  understood  by  men  familiar  with  Egyp- 
tian mysteries. 

Another  class  of  planetary  configurations  represents  seven 
sofas  and  on  each  two  deities,  of  which  the  first  signifies  a 
planet,  and  the  second  the  sign  which  the  planet  occupied. 
According  to  Lepsius  these  images  represented  different 
suns !  Strange,  that  the  Egyptians  had  the  privilege  of 
worshipping  fourteen  suns ! 


31 

By  what  names  where  the  planets  and  the  12  signs  of  the 
Zodiac  symboHzed  ?  The  Greek  and  Roman  names  and 
images  of  the  seven  planets  are  universally  known,  viz.: 
Saturn,  Jupiter,  Mars,  Venus,  Mercury,  the  Sun  and  the 
Moon.  The  Egyptian  names  of  these  planets  have  been 
preserved  on  the  Turin  Manetho.  In  the  latter,  history 
is  commenced  by  the  so-called  dynasty  of  the  7  great  gods 
(the  planets)  and  the  12  minor  gods  (the  signs  of  the 
Zodiac). 

On  the  Turin  Manetho  the  planets  are  thus  arranged,  all 
however  in  one  line  : 


^32i 


No.  I  is  the  name  of  Saturn,  kv,  related  to  Khiva-n,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  Hebrews  and  Arabs. 

No.  2,  Hoser,  Osiris,  the  name  of  Jupiter.  Diodorus  calls  him 
^'  the  son  of  the  sun."  The  "  Vetus  Chronicon,"  in  enumerat- 
ing the  seven  planetary  gods,  mentions  the  sun  and  Osiris 
'(Jupiter)  in  connection  with  him.  Eusebius,  likewise, 
enumerates  Helios,  Agathodaemon,  Kronos  and  Osiris, 
whom  his  Armenian  translator  calls  Jupiter. 

No.  3  represents  the  Indian  swine  (Tapir  Indicus);  it  ex- 
presses the  syllablehere  55  in  Sasotris,  Ossiniandya.  Conse- 
quently, we  have  the  name  of  Mars.  (Cramer,  Anecd. 
II.,  385.) 

No.  4  is  obviously  the  name  of  Venus.  The  sparrow-hawk 
was  frequently  rendered  by  Kr,  and  Kop-o?,  Kop  r}  is  the 
name  of  Venus. 

No.  5  is  the  name  of  Thoth,  Mercury. 

No.  6  is  the  Moon,  following  Mercury,  as  regards  her 
velocity.     The  group  contains  the  following  Coptic  words: 


32 

mk,  mk,  mk,  tk,  kp,  the  mighty  goddess,  the  mother  of  the 
king  (Menes).  The  first  four  hieroglyphs  commonly  stand 
after  the  names  of  the  defuncts,  to  signify  that  the  latter 
are  deified.  The  root  in  these  words  is  the  Hebrew  mag; 
Latin  magnus,  mighty. 

No.  7  represents  the  Sun.  The  sparrow-hawk  signifies  the 
letters  kr,  meaning  kur  (sun),  from  which  the  name  of  Cyrus 
is  derived. 

Thus  the  principal  object,  viz.:  the  explanation  of  as- 
tronomical inscriptions  of  the  Egyptians,  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, and  the  determination  of  the  names  of  the  planets,  is 
reached. 

The  classic  names  of  the  12  great  gods,  the  wardens  of 
the  12  signs,  are  specified  in  the  "Calendaria  rustica,"  and 
in  the  Greek  and  Roman  names  of  the  months.  Nearly  all 
ancient  names  of  the  months  refer  to  deities  as  the  wardens 
of  the  12  signs. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  Egyptian  names  of  the 
12  great  gods  are  broken  off  in  the  Turin  Manetho,  but  this 
misfortune  can  be  repaired.  It  is  known  that  the  signs  of 
the  Zodiac  passed  for  the  "houses  of  the  planets,"  as  the  fol- 
lowing scheme  shows  : 

9.  ^         f      /      ^ 

_J/       ^     /r      ^     -t     ^       (^ 

Hence,  the  Egyptians  expressed  a  certain  sign  of  the 
figure  of  that  planet  which  was  the  warden  of  the  same 
sign,  and  to  distinguish  the  planets  from  the  signs,  the  Egyp- 
tians put  on  the  heads  of  the  deities,  which  represented  the 
wardens  of  the  signs  and  not  the  planets,  the  figure  of  a 
coblet,  meaning  abet,  house. 

Moreover,  as  said  before,  several  astronomical  inscriptions 
enumerate  the  wardens  of  the  signs  according  to  their  regu- 


33 

lar  order.  This  is  the  case,  for  instance,  with  the  three  repre- 
sentations of  the  zodiacal  gods  on  the  Turin  Zodiac,  the 
mummy-coffin  of  Leeds,  the  granite  sarcophagus.  No.  3,  in  the 
British  Museum,  the  planetary  configurations  on  the  great 
temple  of  Karnak,  the  temple  of  Pharaoh  Horus,  and  many 
others.  All  these  relics  and  monuments  enumerate  the  12  zo- 
diacal gods  in  the  same  manner,  and  by  comparing  them  with 
each  other  the  names  of  the  12  gods  representing  the  signs  of 
the  Zodiac  are  easily  made  out.  This  is,  in  short,  the  key  to 
the  numerous  astronomical  inscriptions  of  the  Egyytians, 
■Greeks  and  Romans.  We  specify  the  following  planetary 
configurations  already  explained  : 

2780  B.  C,  Menes's  arrival  in  Egypt. 

2460  B.  C,  the  reign  of  the  second  Chinese  kings. 

195 1  B.  C,  close  conjunction  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter  in  the 
sign  of  Pisces. 

1780  B.  C,  coronation  of  Pharaoh  Horus,  the  thirty-third 
king  after  Menes. 

1730  B.  C,  coronation  of  Osimandya,  the  father  of 
Ramses  II.,  the  thirty-seventh  king  after  Menes. 

1722  B.  B.,  nativity  of  Osymandya's  and  Ramses's  II. 
secretary. 

'j'j'j  B.  C,  celebration  of  the  first  Olympian  games. 

752  B.  C,  foundation  of  Rome. 

489  B.  C,  battle  near  Marathon. 

479  B.  C,  battle  near  Salamis. 
62  B.  C,  nativity  of  Augustus. 
40  B.  C,  nativity  of  Tiberius. 
9  B.  C,  nativity  of  Claudius. 
8  A.  C,  nativity  of  Vespasian. 
37  A.  C,  nativity  of  Nero. 
50  A.  C,  nativity  of  Domitian. 
54  A.  C,  nativity  of  Trajan,  etc. 

It  is,  therefore,  conclusive  that  the  planetary  configura- 
tions of  the  ancients  form  the  most  reliable  basis  for  ancient 
history,  and  that  their  explanations  form  the  most  impor- 
tant discovery  of  the  present  century,  as  they  will  rectify 
the  chronologies  of  the  Egyptians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Per- 


34 

sians,  Medians  and  Babylonians.     How  they  will  do  this  will 
be  shown  in  the  following  paragraphs  : 

1.  The  Canictdar  Periods. 

According  to  Ideler  these  periods  of  1460  Julian  years  com- 
menced 2781 ,  and  1 32 1  B.C. and  39  A.C.,  according  to  the  plane- 
tary configurations  they  began,  however,  one  year  later. 
Ideler  also  forgot  that  Spartian  puts  the  date  of  Antonius 
Prius,  in  whose  first  year  the  Canicular  period  was  com- 
menced, one  year  back  (140  A.  C.) 

2.  The  true  Apis  periods  of  2^  Egyptian  years. 

These  periods,  beginning  one  year  later  than  was  formerly 
believed,  were  renewed  from  2780  to  1320  B.  C,  in  such  a 
manner  that  when  divided  by  25  they  leave  5  as  a  remainder. 
The  same  festivity  took  place  from  1320  B.  C.  to  40  A.  C.  in 
those  years,  which  being  divided  by  25  leave  the  remainder 
25.  This  is'  important,  because  certain  events  of  ancient 
history  refer  to  years  of  the  Apis  periods. 

J.   The  Egyptian  cyclus  of  ^o  years. 

It  is  a  singular  phenomenon,  that  on  the  day  of  Menes's 
arrival  in  Egypt,  the  i6th  day  of  July,  which  was  the  day 
of  the  summer-solstice,  Saturn  and  Mars  were  in  conjunction, 
and  that  the  latter  returned  after  30  Egyptian  years.  This 
wonderful  configuration  took  place  from  2780  B.  C.  to  140 
A.  C,  in  those  years  which  being  divided  by  30  leave  2  as  a 
remainder;  e.g.,  in  202  B.  C,  in  which  Ptolomaeus  Epiphanes 
became  king.  This  king  was  hieroglyphically  represented 
by  a  bowl,  a  throat,  and  a  bowl  with  a  small  stone  in  it, 
meaning  "  the  lord  of  the  sacrificial  festivity."  The  same 
group  we  find  added  to  many  royal  names,  and  hence  the 
years  are  determined  in  which  these  kings  were  crowned. 
For  instance,  Ramses  II.  ascended  the  throne  in  1724,  and 
Thuthmos  III.  in  1892  B.  C,  as  will  be  seen  hereafter. 

This  period  may  be  reduced  to  3446  B.  C,  the  year  of  the 
deluge. 

4.   The  Phoenix  Periods. 

Nearly  all  sacred  Egyptian  records  represent  two  birds  in 
juxtaposition,  one  of  whom  is  termed  chol,  the  o1\\^x  ben  nab. 
The  former  name  probably  designates  Mercury,  in  Hebrew 


35 

chol,  and  in  Coptic  alloe.  The  latter  is  obviously  Venus,  for 
ben,  in  Coptic  woin,  means  resplendent,  and  beni,  the  crane,, 
(not  swallow)  is  the  symbol  of  Venus.  Nab,  in  Coptic  nav, 
means  "  to  be  seen;"  ben  nal,  therefore,  may  be  translated  as 
the  "  appearing,  resplendent  planet."  The  same  crane,  or 
phoenix,  frequently  conveyed  the  idea  of  beauty. 

Venus,  after  certain  intervals,  crosses  the  disc  of  the  sun,, 
and  this  phenomenon  gave  rise  to  the  classical  myth,  that 
Phoenix,  the  bird,  sometimes  burns  itself  in  Heliopolis,  i.  e., 
in  the  sun.  The  Egyptians  and  Romans  mention  many 
years  in  which  the  Phoenix  consumed  itself,  and  hence  it  is 
an  easy  task  to  fix  the  years  in  which  Venus  crossed  the 
solar  disc. 

We  shall  refer  to  this  matter  again  in  a  subsequent  para- 
graph. 


The  True  History  and  Chronology  of  Egypt. 

The  Pentateuch  distinguishes  three  coeval  kingdoms  of 
Egypt,  viz.,  Pathros,  which  means  in  Coptic  the  Southern 
Country,  and  Mizraim,  or  the  two  Mazors,  which  comprised 
the  Eastern  and  Western  Delta.  That  Egypt  was  ruled 
simultaneously  by  three  distinct  dynasties  is  confirmed  by 
several  monuments.  According  to  the  Greek  translation, 
made  273  B.  C.  by  the  famous  historian  and  mathematician, 
Eratosthenes,  the  tablet  of  Abydos,  at  present  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum,  mentions  38  kings  of  Southern  Egypt,  who 
ruled  from  the  time  of  Menes  to  that  of  Ramses  II.  This 
period  occupied  1076  years,  or  rather  1106,  as  Stamenemes 
I.  was  omitted  by  the  copyist.  As  the  intervening  years,  in 
which  Kings  Horus,  Osymandya,  Ramses  II.  and  Thuthmos 
III.  were  crowned,  are  fixed  by  planetary  configurations, 
Menes  could  not  have  reigned  prior  to  2780  B.  C.  This  is 
also  confirmed  by  the  Tablet  of  Karnak.  This  ancient  in- 
scription of  1866  B.  C.  specifies  from  Menes  to  Thuthmos 
III.  (1866  B.  C),  the  30th  king  after  Menes,  two  series  of 
kings,  namely  the  kings  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Delta; 
one  line  consisted  of  32,  and  the  other  of  28  kings,  both 


36 

being  followed  by  Thuthmos  III.  As  each  king  ruled  for 
about  29  years  and  a  half,  it  is  evident  that  Menes  could 
by  no  means  have  settled  in  Egypt  previous  to  the  year 
2780  B.  C. 

Finally,  the  "  Veius  Chronicon  "  of  the  Egyptians,  as  pre- 
served by  Syncellus,  the  renowned  father  of  the  church,  ex- 
pressly states  that  Menes  entered  Egypt  at  the  beginning  of 
the  Canicular  period,  in  2780  B.  C. 

Now,  how  did  our  Champollionists  act  on  this  question  ? 

They  ignored  the  fact  that  Menes's  arrival  in  Egypt  is 
tnathematically  fixed  by  14  astronomical  monuments;  they 
ignored  the  fact  that  the  Tablet  of  Karnak  specifies  32  kings 
of  the  Eastern  and  28  of  the  Western  Delta;  they  ignored 
the  fact  that  the  kings  of  Mazor,  with  whom  Abraham  and 
Isaac  conversed,  ruled  over  a  small  portion  of  Egypt  only, 
and  not  over  the  whole  of  it ;  they  ignored  the  fact  that  Moses 
distinguished  three  kingdoms  of  Egypt;  they  ignored  the  fact 
that  the  "  Vetus  Chronicon  "  begins  Egyptian  history  with  the 
commencement  of  the  Canicular  period,  in  2780  B.  C; 
they  ignored  the  fact  that  the  Abrahamites  and  Israelites 
governed  themselves  only  and  not  the  whole  of  Egypt. 
Our  Champollionists  authoritatively  state  that  Manetho's 
dynasties  must  have  reigned  in  immediate  succession. 

Since  1839,  to  say  nothing  of  earlier  chimeras,  the  Christ- 
ian world  has  been  taught  to  believe  that  Menes  reigned 
before  Christ  6467  (Henne)  years,  or  5867  (Champollion),  or 
5772  (Lesieur),  or  5702  (Boeckh),  or  5652  (Gudschmidt),  or 
5613  (linger),  or  5303  (Henry),  or  4515  (Denormant),  or  4890 
(Baruchi),  or  4455  (Brugsch),  or  4400  (Pickering),  or  4175 
(Lauth),  or  3895  (Hinchs),  or  3892  (Lepsius\  or  3623  (Bun- 
sen),  or  3187  (Mayer)  years,  and  so  on.  The  final  conclu- 
sion was  that,  according  to  Lepsius,  "  the  deluge  was  con- 
fined to  a  small  portion  of  our  globe,  and  that  the  chro- 
nology of  the  Bible  was  a  myth."     Is  this  not  strange  .? 


37 


Manetho's  Hyksos — The  Israelites. 

Josephus,  the  conscientious  preserver  of  Manetho's  Egyp- 
tian history,  maintains  that  the  Hyksos,  or  shepherd  kings 
(the  7th  dynasty  of  Manetho,  coeval  with  the  Theban 
kings),  were  the  Israelites.  He  also  mentions  that  Yk  in 
the  Egyptian  language  signified  both  king  and  servant,  and 
that  SOS  meant  shepherd.  This  is  correct.  Yk,  properly 
pronounced  wuk,  or  buk,  is  the  Coptic  bok,  servant.  That 
the  same  word  was  a  synonym  for  regent  is  not  mentioned 
in  our  Coptic  dictionaries,  but  is  justified  by  the  following 
facts : 

The  Egyptians  worshipped  the  god  Besa,  a  name  which 
is,  undoubtedly,  a  corrupted  form  of  Beka,  lord,  because  the 
oracle  and  the  temple  of  Besa,  the  invisible  god  and  creator 
of  the  universe,  were  located  in  Abydos. 

In  the  Acts  of  Caluthus  this  god  is  called  Bes-amun,  and 
amun,  as  well  as  the  Hebrew  anion,  signifies  the  glorious 
god.     Hence,  Yk  means  king. 

Lepsius  denies  that  Manetho's  Hyksos  were  identical  with 
the  Israelites.  He  takes  the  Hyksos  for  a  band  of  Assyrian 
robbers,  who  ruled  over  the  whole  of  Egypt  for  a  period  of 
several  hundred  years,  and  states  that  the  Israelites,  ig- 
nored by  Manetho,  left  Egypt  during  the  reign  of  Ramses 
II.,  or  about  1600  B.  C. 

The  Turin  Manetho,  like  Josephus,  specifies  8  shepherd 
kings,  and  this  dynasty  is  headed  by  a  group,  the  name  of 
which  means  "the  reigns  of  the  shepherds,  namely,  the 
judges  of  the  herdsmen." 

Is  it  true  now  that  Manetho's  Hyksos  were  a  band  of 
Assyrian  robbers,  or  rather  the  judges  of  the  herdsmen,  the 
Israelites } 

Joseph  was,  as  it  is  well  known,  proclaimed  shalit 
(governor)  after  his  elevation,  and,  according  to  Manetho,  as 
Josephus  testifies,  the  second  shepherd-governor  was  called 
Salatis,  which  is  obviously  the  same  name  as  shalit. 


38 

Moreover,  Manetho  reports  that  the  shepherd-kings,  after 
their  expulsion,  built  Jerusalem.  Who  then  told  Lepsius 
that  this  was  done  by  Assyrian  robbers  ? 

Josephus  states  that  the  Israelites  lived  for  215  years  in 
Egypt;  according  to  the  Turin  Manetho  this  period  lasted 
213  years,  i  month  and  17  days. 


The  New  York  Obelisk  and  the  Pharaoh 
Drowned  in  the  Red  Sea,  1866,  B.  C. 

On  January  22,  1881,  the  Alexandrian  Obelisk,  a  gift  of 
the  Viceroy  of  Egypt,  was  re-erected  in  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral Park.  It  represents  the  names  of  Thuthmos  III.  and  of 
Ramses  II.,  who  lived  200  years  later.  The  former  was  the 
noted  Pharaoh,  who  perished,  while  pursuing  the  Israelites 
in  the  Red  Sea,  in  1866  B.  C. 

The  year  2780  B.  C,  when  Menes  settled  in  Tanis  and 
when  the  first  Canicular  period  commenced,  is,  as  we  have 
seen,  fixed  with  mathematical  certainty.  Manetho  reports 
that  the  Israelites  resided  in  the  country  of  Goshen  during 
the  700th  year  after  the  beginning  of  the  Canicular  period, 
consequently  in  the  year  2080  B.  C.  Since  they  dwelt  there 
for  213  years,  i  month  and  17  days,  it  is  evident  that  the 
Israelites  crossed  the  Red  Sea  at  Easter  in  1866. 

This  statement  is  confirmed  by  the  following  facts  : 

Clement  of  Alexandria  reports  that  the  Israelites  left 
Egypt  545  years  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  Canicular 
period  (1320  B.  C),  consequently  in  1866  B.  C. 

Abarbanel,  Josephus  and  many  other  Rabbinic  authors 
state  that  three  years  and  some  months  prior  to  Moses' 
birth  a  remarkable  conjunction  of  the  planets  Saturn  and 
Jupiter  had  taken  place,  viz.^  in  195 1  B.  C,  and  the  famous 
astronomer  Kepler  demonstrated  that  such  a  conjunction 
occurs  only  once  in  800  years.  Moses  must  consequently 
have  been  born  in  1947  B.  C.  When  he  led  the  Israelites 
out  of  Egypt  he  was  80  years  and  some  months  old.  The 
exodus  must,  therefore,  have  taken  place  in  1866  B.  C. 


39 

Let  us  now  answer  the  question  :  Which  of  the  Pharaohs 
perished  in  the  Red  Sea  while  pursuing  the  Israelites  ? 

The  Tablet  of  Abydos  specifies  38  kings  from  Menes  to 
Ramses  II.,  who  died,  according-  to  several  astronomical 
inscriptions,  about  1660  B.  C.  These  kings,  as  stated  by 
Eratosthenes,  the  famous  historian,  mathematician  and 
translator  of  the  Abydos  Tablet,  reigned  for  1,076  or  rather 
1,106  years,  as  the  copyists  omitted  Stamenes  I. 

As  from  the  time  of  Menes  to  1866  B.  C.  there  are  914  in- 
tervening years,  it  is  evident  that  Thuthmos  III.  must  have 
reigned  in  1866  B.  C.  This  Thuthmos  III.  was  the  thirtieth 
king  after  Menes,  and  as  each  of  these  kings  reigned  29^^ 
years  on  an  average,  Thuthmos,  the  follower  of  the  28  and 
32  kings  of  the  Eastern  and  Western  Delta,  must  have  died 
about  1895  B.  C. 

The  Tablet  of  Abydos  reports  that  Horus  was  the  fourth 
king  after  Thuthmos  III,,  and  the  year  1780  B,  C.  has 
been  astronomically  ascertained  as  the  year  of  his  ascending 
the  throne.  Supposing  now  that  each  of  the  three  kings 
from  Thuthmos  III.'s  death  to  Horus'  coronation  in  1780 
B.  C.  ruled  for  29  years,  our  Thuthmos  III.  must  have  died 
in  1866  B.  C,  as  said  before.  For  3x29=87  years,  which, 
being  added  to  1780,  give  the  year  1866. 

Moreover,  the  sister  obelisk  in  London  testifies  that 
Thuthmos  III.  was  the  "  Lord  of  the  Triaconta  eteris,"  like 
Ptolemaeus  Epiphanes;  i.  e.,  he  began  to  rule  in  a  year  in 
which  the  period  of  30  years  after  2780  B.  C.  recommenced. 
All  other  years,  after  being  divided  by  30,  leave  the 
remainder  2;  consequently  Thuthmos  III.  must  have  reigned 
in  1892  B.  C,  in  which  the  period  of  30  years  again  began. 
According  to  Josephus,  Julius  Africanus,  Eusebius  and  his 
Armenian  translator,  Thuthmos  III.  governed  for  26  years; 
he  was  crowned  in  1892  and  died  in  1866  B.  C.  And  in  this 
same  year  the  Israelites  crossed  the  Red  Sea. 

Finally,  the  Tablet  of  Abydos  mentions  four  kings  of  the 
name  of  Thuthmos;  Manetho  calls  them  likewise  Thuth- 
mos, except  the  third  one,  whom  he  names  Mi-sph-rag- 
muth-os.     As  no  such  royal  name  occurs  on  any  Egyptian 


40 

monument,  it  must,  undoubtedly,  refer  to  Thuthmos  III. 
This  strange  name  contains  five  Egyptian  words,  viz.,  Mi- 
suph,  the  Red  Sea;  rag  signifies,  both  in  Hebrew  and  in 
Coptic,  a  bay  or  inlet;  muth  means  died;  os,  the  Hebrew  ish, 
denotes  a  man.  Hence  the  whole  name  or  sentence  is  to  be 
translated  thus:  "  The  man  who  perished  in  the  bay  of  the 
Red  Sea." 

Manetho  is  certainly  a  reliable  authority.  He  was  a  high- 
priest  in  the  capital  of  Egypt,  and  was  asked  by  King 
Ptolemaeus  (280  B.  C.)  to  write  the  history  of  his  country. 
He  had  personally  examined  the  Tablets  of  Abydos  and 
Karnak,  and  many  other  relics  and  monuments,  so  that  he 
was  in  possession  of  ample  material  to  perform  his  task. 
His  work  was  copied  by  Josephus,  Julius  Africanus  and 
Eusebius,  whose  translations  are  in  perfect  harmony  with 
the  Turin  Manetho, 

It  is  beyond  all  reasonable  doubt  that  it  was  Thuthmos 
III.  who  perished  in  the  Red  Sea  while  pursuing  the  Is- 
raelites. And  Thuthmos  III.  is  the  king  mentioned  on  the 
New  York  obelisk,  now  about  3,750  years  old. 

Is  it  not  a  singular  act  of  Providence  that,  after  so  long  a 
time,  the  name  of  the  hero  of  a  tragedy,  unparalleled  in  his- 
tory, has  come  to  light } 


The  Age  of  the  Great  Pyramids  near  Cairo. 

Lepsius  places  these  pyramids  in  the  times  before  the 
great  deluge,  which  he  tries  to  prove  by  a  passage  of  Ma- 
netho reporting  that  ''Suphis"  the  second  king  of  the  fourth 
dynasty,  erected  a  great  pyramid. 

Suppose  Manetho's  dynasties  to  have  ruled  in  succession, 
the  fourth  must  have  governed  the  whole  of  Egypt  762  years 
after  Menes,  or  about  2000  B.  C.  At  that  time  the  Delta 
was  not  so  densely  populated  as  to  detach  100,000  men  for 
a  period  of  ten  years  (as  Herodotus  tells  us)  for  building  the 
great  pyramid. 

Moreover,  there  is  a  great  difference  between  ^^Suphis" 
and  ''CheopsP    The  builders  of  the  great  pyramids,  Cheops, 


41 

Chephren  and  Micerinus,  ruled  in  succession,  and  the  fourth 
dynasty  does  not  mention  three  kings  with  the  names  of 
Cheops,  Chephren  and  Micerinus.  In  short,  these  great 
pyramids  must  have  been  built  at  a  much  later  time. 

The  Arabian  author,  Aly  Bey  (Vol.  2,  p.  25,  Philadelphia 
edition)  refers  Cheops  to  850  B.  C.  At  that  time  the  nine 
kings  of  Bubastis  reigned,  whose  names  have  nearly  all  been 
preserved  by  Manetho's  copyists.  It  is,  therefore,  probable 
that  at  that  time  the  great  pyramids  near  Memphis,  built  by 
Cheops,  Chephren  and  Micerinus,  were  erected.  At  any 
rate,  had  they  existed  in  Moses'  time,  they  would  have  been 
mentioned  in  the  Pentateuch. 


The  First  Olympian  Games  in  777  B.  C. 

Since  the  publication  of  Petavius'  "  Doctrina  Temporum" 
(Paris,  1627),  the  basis  of  all  chronologies,  it  is  universally 
believed  that  the  first  Olympian  games  were  enacted  in 
775  (astr.)  B.  C.  According  to  Livy  and  later  authors,  who 
mention  the  same  games,  the  Olympiads  must,  however, 
have  commenced  two  years  earlier,  which  is  confirmed  by  a 
planetary  configuration,  as  described  by  Pindar  and  Pausa- 
nias,  and  referring  to  the  year  'jjy  B.  C. 

As  the  ancients  were  in  the  habit  of  commencing  their 
cycles  with  O  (naught),  the  mark  oi  /,  /,  signified  that  this 
respective  event  belonged  to  the  first  year  after  the  end  of 
the  first  cyclus  of  four  Olympian  years,  beginning  with  the 
planetary  configuration  of  the  year  777,  /.  e.,  during  June  of 
775  B.  C.  Accordingly,  the  first  year  of  any  Olympiad  com- 
menced in  June  of  such  years  B.  C,  which,  being  divided 
by  four,  leave  the  remainder  one,  that  is,  in  the  year  i  B.  C. 
But  after  Christ  the  first  year  of  an  Olympiad  began  in 
June  of  such  years  which,  being  divided  by  four,  leave  the 
remainder  three,  i.  e.,  in  the  years  3  A.  C,  7  A.  C.  and  so  on. 

The  planetary  configuration  of  the  year  Tjy  B.  C.  is  of  the 
greatest  importance,  as  it  post-dates  all  events  of  Grecian 
history  by  two  years. 


42 


Greek,  Babylonian  and  other  Eclipses. 

The  present  theory  of  the  motions  of  the  moon  is  based 
upon  presumed  Babylonian  and  classic  eclipses.  But  as 
these  eclipses  do  not  agree  with  the  Olympiads,  by  which 
the  former  must  be  two  years  post-dated,  it  came  to  light 
that  the  present  theory  of  the  secular  motion  of  the  moon, 
its  apsides  and  nodes  needs  some  corrections.  This  question 
was  discussed  in  extenso  by  the  writer  in  the  "Transactions 
of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis,  Mo."  (Vol.  III., 
p.  401.) 

Without  a  correction  of  the  actual  theory  of  the  lunar 
motions,  a  great  many  classic  eclipses  would  have  been  in- 
visible, which  are,  however,  reported  by  eye-witnesses. 


The  Solar  Months  of  the  Greeks. 

Many  centuries  ago  it  was  universally  believed  that  the 
Greek  months  were  lunar  ones,  viz.,  those  of  Meton.  The 
latter  calendar,  by  the  way,  commenced  one  year  later,  and 
eleven  days  earlier  than  Ideler  imagined,  i.  e..  May  15th  in 
428  B.  C.  The  lunar  months  commenced  on  days  in  which 
the  crescent  became  visible;  consequently  the  Greek  full 
moons  set  in  one  day  after  the  astronomical  full  moon.  The 
Greeks  regulated  only  their  religious  festivals  by  lunar 
months. 

The  following  arguments  demonstrate  that  the  civil  year 
of  the  Greeks  was  a  solar  one  : 

Theodos  Gaza  and  Censorius,  the  most  reliable  chronolo- 
gers  of  the  ancients,  testify  that  the  Greeks  not  only  used 
lunar  but  also  solar  years,  and  that  they  counted  the  years 
in  which  the  Olympian  games  were  celebrated  leap  years. 

Menton's  lunar  year  commenced  on  the  13th  day  of 
"  Scirophorion,"  but  no  new  moon  can  coincide  with  the 
13th  day  of  a  lunar  year  ;  consequently  Scirophorion  must 
of  necessity  have  been  a  solar  month. 


43 


The  Battle  of  Marathon  was  fought  on  the  6th  day  of 
Boedromion,  3  days  after  a  full  moon;  but  no  full  moon  does 
set  in  on  the  6th  day  of  a  lunar  month. 

The  solar  eclipse  preceding  the  election  of  Kleon  was 
seen  on  the  i6th  day  of  Anthesterion  ;  but  no  solar  eclipse 
coincides  with  the  i6th  day  of  a  lunar  month. 

Alexander  the  Great  was  born  on  the  6th  day  of  Heka- 
tombaeon,  during  the  Olympian  games,  as  celebrated  from 
the  nth  to  the  i6th  day  of  the  lunar  month.  Consequently 
the  6th  day  of  Hekatombaeon  must  have  been  a  solar  one. 

A  number  of  Greek  inscriptions  mention  in  juxtaposition 
dates  of  thejunar  and  dates  of  the  solar  years. 

By  means  of  these  astronomical  facts  it  was  an  easy  task 
to  fix  the  beginnings  of  the  solar  months  of  the  Greeks,  as 
follows:  The  Macedonian  month  commenced  together 
with  the  Attic,  and  the  Spartan  solar  year  began  two  days 
later. 

Macedonian.  jfulian  Years. 

Apellaeos.  December  4 

Audynaeos.  January  3. 

Peritios.  February  2. 

Dystros.  March  4. 

Ysanthikos.  ^       April  3. 

Artemisios.  May  3. 

Daesios.  June  2. 

Panemos.  July  2. 

Loos.  August  I. 

Gorpiseos.  August  31. 

Hyperberetaeos.  Sept.  30. 

Dios.  October  30. 

5-6  intercalary  days,  November  29. 
The  same  solar  calendar  was  already  found  in  a  Greek 
manuscript  by  Halma,  but  nobody  was  able  to  state  to  what 
Greek  nation  it  referred. 


Attic. 
Gamelion. 
Anthesterion. 
Eleiaphebalion. 
Munychion. 
Margelion. 
Scirophorion. 
Hekatombaeon. 
Metageiterion, 
Boedromion. 
Pyanepsion. 
Maemakterion. 
Poseideon. 


44 

The  Seasons  of  the  Greeks. 

It  is  known  that  Thucydides  and  Xenophon  divided  the 
years  into  two  equal  parts.  For  further  explanation  we  refer 
to  the  writer's  "Corrections  of  the  present  History  and 
Chronology  of  the  Romans,  Greeks,  etc."     Leipzig,  1855. 


Corrections  of  the  Present  History  of  Greece. 

B.C. 

The  first  Olympian  games  celebrated  a  few  days  prior 

to  the  summer  solstice 'j'jj 

01.  I,  I  commenced  with  the  same  days  in  the  year 773 

Battle  near  Marathon  on  the  6th  day  of  August 488 

Battle  of  Thermopylae  during  the  Olympian  games 477 

Commencement    of    the     Peloponnesian    war    by  the 

Athenians.     (Thuc.  11. ,  21.) 429 

Cleon  elected  strategus  (Arist.  Nubes,  580.) 420 

The  Attic  army  and  its  general  Nicias  perish  in  Sicily 

(Thuc.  VII.,  30.)   410 

The  22d  year  of  the  Peloponnesian  war;    the   Piraeus 

destroyed 401 

Alexander  the  Great,  born  June  7th,  during  the  Olymp- 

pian  games 353 

Battle  near  Arbela,  September  loth,  eleven  days  after 

the  lunar  eclipse,  September  20th  , 329 

Alexander  the  Great  dies  in  June    320 


Corrections  of  Babylonian,  Assyrian,  Median, 
and  Persian  Histories. 

BC. 

Battle  on  the  Halys  between  the  Medians  and  Lybians.  621 
Mundane,  Cyrus'  mother  born  one  year  after  the  battle 

on  the  Halys 620 

Nebuchadnezzar  (Nabokolassar)  conquers  Jerusalem.. .   602 

Cyrus  born 596 

Nebuchadnezzar  destroys  Jerusalem  seventy  years  be- 
fore Cyrus'  monarchy 583 


45 

Cyrus,  being  62  years  old,  conquers  Babylon  (Dan.  6,  i).  534 
Nineveh  (Laryssa)  destroyed  subsequent  to  the  solar 

eclipse  in 53^ 

Cyrus,  seventy  years  old,  dies  in  the  ninth  year  after  the 

destruction  of  Babylon 626 

Cambyses   conquers   Egypt   during  the  renewal  of  an 

Apis  period     , 520 

Darius  Hystaspes  reigns 5^7 

Xerxes  at  Sardis    478 

Artaxerxes  Longimanus  dies 422 

Darius  Nothus  reigns 421 

The  thirteenth  year  of  Darius  Nothus 409 

Artaxerxes  Mnemon  reigns 401 

Darius  Codomannus  dies 328- 


Corrections  of  Chinese  History. 

The  Chinese  Annals,  like  Manetho's  Sothio  and  the  Vetus 
Chronicon,  contain  an  enumeration  of  kings  from  Fo h i  dov^n 
to  the  present  emperor.  This  Fohi,  in  whose  days  "  the 
columns  of  the  heavens  broke  down,  and  the  fountains  of 
the  depths  opened,"  is  obviously  Noah.  The  Chinese  Annals 
place  him  unanimously  in  the  year  3332  B.  C,  and  the  first 
Chinese  king  in  the  year  2598  B.  C. 

The  second  king  of  the  first  Chinese  dynasty,  who,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  could  not  have  reigned  prior  to  the  dis- 
persion of  the  nations  in  2780  B.  C,  as  we  have  previously 
seen,  ruled  about  the  year  2460  B.  C,  as  the  planetary 
configuration  of  the  same  year,  observed  during  his  reign, 
evidences. 

As  the  same  king  is  said  to  have  ruled  for  78  years,  i.  e., 
from  2513  to  2435  B.  C,  and  as  his  predecessor  may,  like 
Menes,  have  ruled  for  60  years,  it  is  apparent  that  the  first 
Chinese  king  reigned  138  years  earlier,  or  about  the  year 
2780,  in  which  the  dispersion  of  the  nations  took  place. 

The  second  date  of  Chinese  history  is  fixed  by  a  total 
eclipse  of  the  sun  observed  in  the  reign  of  the  fourth  king  of 


46 

the  second  dynasty,  or  according  to  the  Chinese  annals 
from  2158  to  2145  B.  C.  Said  eclipse  took  place  in  2192 
B.  C.  As  the  Chinese  annals  place  Fohi  nearly  114  years 
too  late,  it  is  probable  that  the  fourth  king  of  the  second 
dynasty  ruled  some  years  earlier. 


Corrections  of  Roman  History. 

Petavius'  Roman  History  contains  seven  gross  blunders  : 

Firstly.  Petavius  dates  the  foundation  of  Rome  753  B.  C, 
but  the  planetary  configuration  and  the  solar  eclipse  ob- 
served at  the  time  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  place 
this  event  in  the  year  752  B.  C.  Hence  it  is  evident  that  all 
events  of  Roman  history  are  post-dated  by  one  year.  This 
is  also  confirmed  by  the  celebration  of  the  secular  years 
counted  from  752  and  not  from  753  B.  C. 

Secondly.  Petavius  authoritatively  mentions  two  Consuls 
in  331  B.  C,  of  whom  neither  the  Fasti  Capitolini  nor  Livy 
know  anything. 

Thirdly.  Petavius  shortened  the  reign  of  Julius  Csescir  by 
one  year,  and  allowed  him  only  nine  dictatorships,  while  all 
other  historians  unanimously  speak  often. 

Fourthly.  Petavius  took  the  extraordinary  Consuls, 
47  A.  C,  for  ordinary. 

Petavius'  Roman  History  may  consequently  be  regarded 
as  unreliable. 

The  following  dates  may,  therefore,  be  considered  real 
corrections  of  Roman  history  : 

B.  c. 
Foundation  of  Rome  on  the  day  of  the  vernal  equinox. .  752 
The  first  yQ2ir  post  urbem  co7iditam  begins  January  ist.  .  751 
Romulus  dies,  June  5th,  during  a  solar  eclipse  observed 

in  Rome 715 

The  first  consuls  since  the  Kal.  August 453 

M.  T.  Cicero  and  C.  Antonius,  during  whose  consulates 

Augustus  was  born 62 

Caesar  crosses  in  January  the  Rubicon;  solar  and  lunar 

eclipses  take  place   47 


47 

Introduction  of  the  Julian   Calendar,  January  1st,  on 

which  day  the  crescent  appeared 41 

Caesar  dies,  March  isth.     The  Olympian  Games  cele- 
brated   41 

Augustus  conquers  Egypt,  Cleopatra  dies    27 

A.  C. 
Augustus  dies,  78  years  old,  August  19th;  lunar  eclipse 

January  30th ;  Tiberius  reigns   16 

Tiberius  dies,  March  i6th;  Caligula  reigns 40 

Caligula  dies,  January  24th;  Claudius  reigns 43 

Claudius  dies,  October  13th;  Nero  reigns 55 

Nero  dies,  June  9th 69 

Vespasian  proclaimed  emperor,  June 69 

Destruction  of  Jerusalem 7^ 

Vespasian  dies,  June  22d;  Titus  becomes  emperor. . ..  80 


The  Antiquity  of  Astronomy. 

The  following  facts  demonstrate  that  the  science  of  as- 
tronomy must  be  as  old  as  the  human  race. 

The  millions  of  stars,  as  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  may  be 
grouped  in  a  thousand  different  ways,  and  yet  we  find  the 
constellations  of  our  times  recorded  by  the  Romans,  Greeks, 
Babylonians  and  other  nations. 

The  girdle  of  the  starry  heaven,  within  which  all  planets 
revolve,  may  be  divided  into  numberless  sections,  each  of 
which  may  be  represented  by  numberless  animals;  and  yet 
it  was  divided  into  12  parts,  each  sign  into  3  decuriae, 
7  horia,  12  dodecatemoria,  30  degrees  and  so  on,  by  the 
Egyptians,  Babylonians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Persians,  etc. 
The  zodiacs  of  the  Mexicans  and  of  other  American  nations 
represent  these  12  signs,  with  their  subdivisions.  The  Zodiac 
of  Davenport,  Iowa,  depicts  these  12  signs  as  follows: 
Aries,  Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra,  Scorpio, 
Sagittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquarius,  Pisces.  Moreover,  these 
signs  of  the  Davenport  Zodiac  represent  a  planetary  con- 
figuration by  putting  the  7  planets  in  certain  signs,  and  this 
planetary  configuration  belongs,  as  will  be  seen  in  another 


48 

place,  to  a  very  remote  date.  The  planetary  configuration 
observed  on  Menes'  arrival  in  Egypt  denotes  the  year 
2780  B.  C.  or  the  660th  year  after  the  Deluge,  /.  e.  the  sum- 
mer solsticial  day. 

According  to  a  Greek  author  Saturn  stood  during  the 
deluge  in  the  sign  of  Taurus,  which  relates  to  the  year 
3446  B.  C. 

Another  Greek  writer  tells  us  that  on  the  day  of  creation 
the  dog-star  Sirius  rose  helically.  "  Sirius  qui  ducit  mundi 
initium."  This  phenomenon  took  place  on  the  vernal 
equinoctial  day  in  5780  B.  C.  All  ancient  nations  were 
aware  of  the  fact  that  the  fixed  stars  of  the  zodiac  move 
every  2146  years  30*^,  or  a  whole  sign,  as  we  shall  directly 
.see. 

Josephus,  the  best  instructed  man  of  ancient  times, 
ascribes  the  first  knowledge  of  astronomy  to  Seth,  Adam's 
son.  This  fact  is  verified  by  a  Theban  papyrus,  written  in 
Greek,  which  reads  thus :  "  The  ancient  wise  Chaldeans, 
particularly  Petosiris,  and,  before  all.  King  Necheus,  who 
were  instructed  by  our  Mercury  and  Aesculapius,  i.e.,  Imudi, 
the  son  of  Vulcanus,  delivered  us  the  art  of  astronomy." 
Vulcan  is  the  creator  who,  according  to  the  "Vetus  Chroni- 
con,"  ruled  prior  to  the  planetary  gods.  Necheus  is  no 
doubt  Noah,  the  pupil  of  Mercury  (Thoth).  Petosiris  means 
"  Creature  of  the  Creator." 

These  facts  prove  beyond  doubt  that  the  knowledge  of 
astronomy  was  extant  prior  to  the  deluge. 


The  World-Period,  the  three  World-Ages,  the 
Yugas  and  Avataras. 

It  is  known  that  the  fixed  stars  proceed  from  West  to 
East,  whilst  the  equinoctial  points  recede  from  East  to 
West.  The  progression  of  the  fixed  stars  is  one  degree  in 
72  years,  10^  in  715,  and  30''  in  2146  years.  The  ancients  of 
immemorial  times  were  well  acquainted  with  this  fact,  and 
based  the  system  of  the  great  world-period  of  36,000  years 


49 

on  it.  From  the  want  of  reliable  astronomical  instruments 
they  presumed  that  the  progression  of  the  fixed  stars  was 
I**  in  100,  lo'*  in  1,000,  and  30°,  i.  e.y  one  sign,  in  3,000  years. 
As  the  zodiac  contains  12  signs,  the  ancients  calculated  that 
after  36,000  years  the  starry  heaven  must  have  performed  a 
complete  revolution.  This  period,  termed  by  the  ancients 
the  great  world-period,  consisted  of  12  world-ages  of  3,000 
years  each.  As,  however,  the  progression  of  the  fixed  stars 
amounts  to  30*^  (one  sign)  in  2, 146  years,  it  is  evident  that  the 
ancient  world-ages  must  have  commenced  2,146  years  after 
the  preceding  ones.  These  periods  of  2,146  years  the  East 
Indians  called  Ytigas.  They  also  state  at  what  time  each  Yuga 
commenced.  The  present  world-age  is  called  Kaliiiga, 
which  commenced  568  A.  C.  The  Indian  Avataras  were 
periods  of  715  years;  three  of  them  formed  one  Yuga. 
Even  Hesiod  (Georg.  V.,  141-174),  refers  to  periods  of  715 
years. 

The  question,  "In  what  year  did  the  ancient  world-ages 
commence  r  is  answered  by  the  planetary  configurations  as 
observed  at  their  beginning. 

Fabari,  an  Arabian  author,  writes:  "Know,  the  astrono- 
mers, Aristoteles,  Hepparch,  and  all  other  previous  masters 
of  astronomy,  indicate  what  time  will  elapse  from  Adam 
(peace  be  with  him),  to  the  day  of  the  last  judgment.  The 
afore-mentioned  masters  state  that  when  the  mighty  and 
incomparable  God  created  the  moon,  the  sun  and  the  stars, 
each  of  them  stood  in  its  place,  according  to  the  command 
of  the  Lord. 

Saturn  stood  in Libra,  21° 

Jupiter  stood  in Cancer,  1 5° 

Mars  stood  in » ^  o .  Capricornus,  28° 

Sun  stood  in  . . ., ^ Aries,  19° 

Venus  stood  in   Pisces,  27° 

Mercury  stood  in Pisces  (Virgo),  15" 

Moon  stood  in Taurus,  3° 

The  same  planetary  configuration  is  mentioned  in  all 
ancient  Egyptian,  Greek  and  Babylonian  astronomical 
works. 


50 

Tne  Babylonians  call  it  ^^Hypsomata"  i.  e.,  beginnings  of 
the  planets.  Some  astronomers,  however,  place  the  sun  in 
Aries  O'^,  to  indicate  that  the  observation  must  be  referred 
to  the  vernal  equinoctial  days,  on  which,  according  to  the 
ancients,  the  creation  took  place.  The  computations  give 
the  year  5870  B.  C.  Even  Macrobius  states  that  on  the  day 
of  creation  the  moon  stood  in  the  sign  of  Cancer. 

The  commencement  of  the  second  world-age  in  3724 
B.  C.  is  fixed  by  the  following  passage  of  the  Zendavesta  r 
"At  the  beginning  God  created  the  man  and  the  bull  on  a 
mountain,  where  they  remained  for  3,000  years  without  evil. 
This  period  comprises  the  first  signs,  namely,  Aries,  Taurus 
and  Gemini.  The  next  3000  years  which  they  passed  without 
trouble  and  uneasiness  are  indicated  by  the  signs  Cancer,  Leo 
and  Virgo.  But  in  the  seventh  millennium,  corresponding  to 
the  sign  of  Libra,  wickedness  made  its  appearance.  For  30 
years  the  man  tilled  the  ground  and  raised  vegetables  and  . 
other  plants.  When  the  millennium  of  Cancer  commenced, 
Jupiter  stood  in  Cancer,  the  Sun  in  Aries,  the  Moon  in 
Taurus,  Saturn  in  Libra,  Mars  in  Capricornus,  Venus  and 
Mercury  in  Pisces.  This  planetary  configuration  took  place 
May  7th,  3724  B.  C,  i.  e.,  2146  years  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  first  world-age. 

The  following  passage  from  the  Ramayana  (L  19)  refers 
to  the  planetary  configuration  observed  April  17th,  1758 
B.  C,  at  the  beginning  of  the  third  world-age  : 

"  On  the  9th  day  of  the  month  of  Kaitru,  under  the  lunar 
house  presided  over  by  Aditis,  five  planets  stood  in  their 
hypsomata,  Jupiter  and  the  Moon  rising  together  in  the  sign 
of  Cancer." 

The  world-age  beginning  568  A.  C.  is  described  in  the 
later  Vedas  (Bentley,  Historical  View,  1825).  It  refers  to 
the  birth  of  Krishna,  i.  e.,  Mars,  the  warden  of  the  fourth 
world-age. 

These  world-ages  of  2146  years  were  also  known  to  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,  but,  as  usual,  obscured  in  myths.  They 
fabled  that  from  5870  to  3724  B.  C.  Uranus  and  from  3724 
to  1758  B.  C.  Saturn  reigned,  and  Jupiter  after  him. 


51 


The  Universality  of  the  Deluge. 

In  ancient  times  it  was  generally  believed  that  once  a 
universal  inundation  of  the  whole  globe  had  taken  place,  and 
that  only  eight  persons  were  wonderfully  saved  from  it,  who 
afterwards  transferred  the  arts  and  sciences  of  the  antedi- 
luvians to  the  postdiluvians.  At  present  this  historical 
event  is  looked  upon  as  a  childish  myth. 

Careful  examination  of  all  ancient  traditions  concerning 
the  condition  and  changes  of  our  globe,  and  of  numerous 
institutions  and  ceremonies  found  with  all  aborigines  have 
brought  to  light  that  said  deluge,  notwithstanding  our  ration- 
alistic philosophers,  must  have  been  universal. 

In  my  pamphlet,  "  Die  Allgemeinheit  der  Siindfluthsage," 
I  have  more  fully  specified  the  following  facts  : 

Traditions  of  a  universal  deluge  have  been  preserved  by 
all  known  nations  of  antiquity,  e.  g.,  Egyptians,  Chaldeans, 
Indians,  Phoenicians,  Chinese,  Greeks,  Romans,  Celts,  Scan- 
dinavians, Hottentots,  Mexicans,  etc. 

Many  of  these  nations  date  this  deluge  back  to  the  first 
century  of  the  world. 

All  legends  of  the  deluge  relate  the  same  characteristic 
particulars  as  described  in  the  Bible.  The  legends  of  remote 
nations,  such  as  the  Chaldeans  and  the  North  American 
Indians,  are  essentially  the  same. 

A  few  years  ago  a  tablet  was  found  in  an  Indian  mound, 
near  Davenport,  Iowa,  which  represents  the  ark,  more  than 
40  different  animals  proceeding  from  it,  an  old  man  and  his 
wife,  and  three  sons  with  their  wives.  Who  told  our  Indians 
that  our  present  animals  proceeded  from  an  ark,  and  that 
eight  persons,  four  males  and  four  females,  were  saved  from 
the  deluge .-' 

The  geological  formation  of  our  globe  indicates  a  general 
deluge.  In  the  New  York  Central  Park,  for  instance,  we 
find  rocks  weighing  thousands  of  tons  reposing  on  rocky  hills; 
thousands  of  Indians  would  not  have  been  able  to  roll  them 
on  these  elevations. 


52 

If  the  Noachian  Deluge  had  been  but  partial,  all  ancient 
nations  would  have  invented  different  divisions  of  the  zodiac, 
different  constellations  and  a  different  chronology.  And  yet 
our  constellations  are  the  same  as  determined  by  Romans, 
Greeks,  Egyptians,  Babylonians,  Chinese,  etc.  The  girdle 
within  which  the  planets  revolve,  could  have  been  divided 
into  a  hundred  different  segments;  nevertheless  the  Baby- 
lonians, Egyptians,  Indians,  etc.,  divided  the  zodiac  into  12 
parts,  each  sign  into  3  decuriae,  5  horia,  and  so  on.  They 
also  indicated  the  12  signs  by  the  very  same  images.  This  is 
obvious  even  on  the  Davenport  Tablet.  The  zodiac,  more- 
over, was  divided  into  28  lunar  stations  by  the  Egyptians, 
Chinese,  Babylonians,  Mexicans,  etc. 

It  is  optional  to  have  weeks  of  5,  6,  7,  8  or  10  days,  and 
yet  the  weeks  of  the  Egyptians,  Hebrews  and  Indians  con- 
sist of  seven  days.  More  arbitrary  it  is  to  combine  the  days 
of  the  week  in  the  following  manner:  Saturday,  Sunday, 
Monday,  and  so  forth.  This  combination  is  founded  on 
the  apparent  velocities  of  the  seven  planets: 
Saturn.  Jupiter.  Mars.  Sun.  Venus.  Mercury.  Moon. 
16427  5  3 

Take,  beginning  with  Saturn,  always  the  fourth  planet 
and  you  will  have  the  consecution  of  the  days  of  the  week. 
This  system  was  followed  by  all  nations  of  the  globe.  When 
the  Spaniards  came  in  contact  with  the  American  Indians, 
it  was  noticed  that  they  had  the  same  week  and  called  the 
same  day  Sunday.  Suppose  the  Deluge  to  have  been  but 
partial  and  science  to  have  originated  from  different  nations 
and  not  from  one,  each  race  would  undoubtedly  have  its 
own  notation,  alphabet,  etc. 

All  these  facts  prove  beyond  a  doubt  the  universality  of 
the  deluge. 

Most  of  these  arguments  have  been  conscientiously  dis- 
cussed in  extenso  by  Pojana  (Poligrapho  di  Verona,  1832, 
Tom.  XL,  145-168),  who  writes  : 

"These  testimonials  of  so  many  ancient  writers  leave  no 
doubt  in  the  mind  of  any  sane  man  whether  a  universal  in- 
undation of  our  globe,  by  which  the  whole  human  race,  save 


53 

one  family,  was  exterminated,  has  taken  place  or  not. 
Would  anybody,  nevertheless,  deny  this  general  catastrophe, 
as  narrated,  witnessed  and  verified  by  all  nations,  even  by 
those  whose  countries  are  far  remote  from  each  other; 
would  anybody,  I  say,  deny  that  one  family  and  a  number 
of  animals  could  have  been  saved  without  Divine  Provi- 
dence ?  Such  denying  will  show  how  far  self-stupefied  in- 
fidelity is  capable  of  going,  both  in  frivolously  believing  the 
incredible  and  in  madly  condemning  the  credible." 


The  Origin  of  the  Alphabet,  3446  B.  C. 

It  is  said  and  believed  that  our  alphabet  was  invented  by 
Cadmus  in  1500  B.  C,  but  this  cannot  be  considered  a  his- 
torical fact.  In  the  New  Testament  we  read  of  a  book  that 
was  written  by  Enoch  900  years  prior  to  the  Deluge.  Pliny 
says  "aeternus  literarum  usus."  The  Vedas  and  Avestatell 
us  that  prior  to  the  Deluge  sacred  books  existed  and  that,  in 
consequence  of  their  loss,  the  human  race  became  so  wicked 
that  tie  Creator  resolved  to  extirpate  it. 

The  Koran  (Sura  57)  mentions  that  Noah  was  the  author 
of  a  book.  Eusthadius  knew  that  the  Pelasgi  were  the 
rescuers  of  the  alphabet,  and  the  Pelasgi  were  Noachides. 
The  same  is  attested  by  Syncellus  (Chron.,  p.  40,  ed.  Paris, 
1652).  The  invention  of  the  alphabet  is  also  ascribed  to  the 
Phoenicians,  but  the  ancients  distinguished  the  Phoenicians 
of  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea  from  the  Phoenicians 
ab  ceterno,  and  Sanchunjathon  calls,  according  to  a  note  of 
Eusebius,  Noah  "the  first  Phoenician."  Menu,  the  progeni- 
tor of  all  nations,  wrote  a  book,  as  the  East  Indians  con- 
firm. It  is  true  that  Cadmus  invented  the  alphabet,  but 
Cadmus  means  "ancestor,"  Noah.  He  was,  like  the  latter, 
the  first  planter  of  the  vineyard. 

All  these  and  similar  traditions  concur  in  demonstrating 
that  the  alphabet  existed  prior  to  the  deluge.  Now  who  is 
capable  of  believing  that  during  the  antediluvian  era,  about 
2,424  years,  the  human  race  remained  unable  to  express  the 
words  of  its  language  by  means  of  25  characters. 


54 

The  Noachian  alphabet  was  a  representation  of  the  zo- 
diac. 

Sanchunyathon  (1500  B.  C),  the  ancient  historian  of  the 
Phoenicians,  testifies  that  after  the  deluge  "  the  divine  Taaut 
it.  e,,  the  wise  one,  the  tenth  descendant  of  Protogenos), 
invented  the  sacred  characters  of  the  alphabet  by  represen- 
tations of  the  heaven,  namely  the  houses  (signs)  of  the 
planets  Saturn,  Jupiter  and  others."  The  very  same  report 
is  to  be  found  in  Chinese  literature.  Fohi,  "  who  was  saved 
with  seven  saints,"  the  Chinese  Noah,  established  the  alpha- 
bet by  contemplating  the  points  (stars)  of  the  great  dragon 
Lung-ma  (the  snake-like  winded  zodiac).  Berosius,  the 
ancient  historian  of  the  Chaldeans,  relates  that  Sisatro, 
about  the  time  of  the  deluge,  referred  the  alphabet  to  the 
zodiac,  and  after  the  end  of  the  said  catastrophe  he  deliv- 
ered the  letters  to  the  human  race.  Cadmus  ("  the  an- 
cestor"), a  Greek  myth  tells,  killed  (divided)  the  heavenly 
dragon  (the  zodiac),  and  from  its  teeth  50  giants  (25  directed 
to  the  left  and  25  to  the  right),  arose  who  reduced  them- 
selves to  five  (the  labials,  liquids,  dentals,  nasals,  gutturals), 
and  by  means  of  them  Thebes  (science)  was  constructed, 
Cicero  defends  the  same  tradition  by  reproducing  the  follow- 
ing myth:  "  Thoth  (the  wise  one)  killed  (divided)  Argus 
with  his  hundred  eyes  (the  zodiac  with  numerous  stars),  and 
delivered  the  alphabet  to  the  Egyptians,  i.e.,  to  the  world. 

According  to  Pliny  the  Mcercz,  the  divisions  of  the  zodiac, 
invented  the  sacred  letters.  All  these  traditions,  and  a 
great  many  others,  will  convince  us  that  the  Noachian 
alphabet  was  a  representation  of  the  zodiac. 

The  next  question  for  us  to  answer  is  :  How  many  letters 
did  the  primitive  alphabet  contain .?  Plutarch  writes  that 
the  Egyptian  literature  was  based  upon  an  alphabet  of  25 
letters,  and  as  this  literature,  the  oldest  of  the  world,  dates 
back  to  the  year  666  after  the  deluge,  we  presume  the 
Noachian  alphabet  to  have  consisted  of  25  elements.  This 
presumption  is  confirmed  by  the  fact  that  several  hiero- 
glyphic figures  harmonize  with  the  Hebrew,  or  rather  the 
Phcenician  alphabet.     We  specify  the  following : 


55 


3       a         *c\T/  ^^^ 


<K 

n 

^/^ri      r^«r/ 

=1 

r 

2^</^      serpent 

T 

\ 

XlM  ^   knife 

5 

Q 

(^At-ll  fence 

^ 

t^?b 

To  It     hand 

^ 

a 

<J\T1^    head 

/n 

J^tipk:sea 

/V 

.v^ 

AV  X*A^     water 

o 

^^ 

1  ]^        eye 

1 

l^=SI 

^  f^       heaven 

S 

? 

y^t>\   lotus 

Sm 

m 

t^  f-t /y  £-arden 

X 

,^^:> 

T'Vjfy'  mount 

These  letters  prove  that  the  hieroglyphic  figures  origin- 
ated from  the  primitive  alphabet;  the  Noachian  alphabet, 
consequently,  must  have  contained  25  letters,  like  the  Egyp- 
tian fundamental  alphabet,  which  is  also  stated  by  Plutarch. 

Moreover,  many  other  ancient  alphabets,  as  derived  from 
the  primitive  one,  contain  likewise  25  characters,  /.  e.,  the 
Sanscrit,  the  Scythian,  the  Cadmean,  Zend  and  Pehlvi,  etc. 
It  is  also  a  fact  that  several  ancient  alphabets  lost  some  of 
their  letters.  The  Japanese  and  the  Chinese  alphabets  con- 
tain 24  letters  and  the  Hebrew  only  22;  but  all  alphabets  of 


56 

old  have  the  same  consecution  of  letters,  hence  it  is  easy  to 
complete  the  incomplete  ones. 

As  according  to  Egyptian  authorities  the  primitive  alpha- 
bet contained  25  letters,  seven  of  which  were  vowels,  and 
as  the  zodiac  contained  but  24  segments  (semi-signs),  it  is 
evident  that  the  first  and  the  25th  letter  of  the  Noachian 
alphabet  must  have  occupied  the  same  segment.  This  is 
confirmed  by  Irenaeus,  who  says,  "Novissima  litera." 

Further,  the  Noachian  alphabet  being  a  representation  of 
the  zodiac  and  the  planets,  always  standing  in  one  of  the 
signs,  it  may  be  asked  by  what  letters  were  the  seven  planets 
symbolized.  This  question  is  ably  answered  by  Laurentius 
Lydus,  Nicomachus,  Irenseus,  Pythagoras  and  others. 


Alterations  of  the  Primitive  Alphabet. 

The  Phoenician  characters  of  the  alphabet  are  believed  to 
be  the  oldest  in  existence,  but  in  the  course  of  time  they 
underwent  such  changes  in  different  ages  and  countries,  that 
the  superficial  observer  is  apt  to  deny  the  derivation  from 
one  original  alphabet. 

The  present  Hebrew  alphabet  was  after  the  Babylonian 
captivity  invented  by  Esra,  who  gave  to  each  letter  a  square 
form  and  dropped  ?/,  e,  i,  which  he  copulated  with  /,  h  and 
ch.  In  later  times,  in  800  A.  C,  the  seven  Hebrew  vowels 
a,  e,  e,  e,  i,  0,  u,  were  deprived  of  any  pronunciation  and 
called  inatres  lectiomini.  The  Phoenician  letter  Aleph,  which 
obviously  represents  an  elephant's  head  with  its  prong  and 
trunk,  was  changed  into  a  bull-head.  Aleph  and  eleph-z.s 
are  the  same  words. 

The  Greeks  likewise  dropped  superfluous  letters  and  in- 
vented new  ones.  They  appended  to  «,  e,  o,  u  an  z,  in 
order  to  express  the  sounds  of  a,  e,  o,  j'i,  whilst  the 
Romans  expressed  the  same  modified  vowels  by  cs,  oe,  etc. 

The  Sanscrit  letters  are,  apart  from  their  fulcral  lines, 
the  transverted  Zend  and  Pehlvi  letters. 

The  cuneiform  letters  of  the  Persians  totally  differ  from 
the  Noachian  alphabet,  yet  they  preserved  the  same  order. 


57 


The  Origin  of  Egyptian  Hieroglyphs. 

Champollion's  and  his  followers'  foolish  idea,  according  to 
which  the  primitive  hieroglyphs  consisted  of  a  kind  of 
ideological  writing,  needs  no  refutation,  as  it  has  fully  been 
refuted  by  the  antiquity  of  the  alphabet.  But  why  did  the 
Egyptians  not  content  themselves  with  the  original  alphabet 
of  25  letters,  but  invented  630  hieroglyyhic  signs  ? 

The  Rosette  Stone  calls  the  demotic  letters  domestic, 
while  the  Tanis  Stone  terms  them  Egyptian.  The  hiero- 
glyphic signs  must,  therefore,  have  been  of  foreign  origin, 
but  in  use  in  Chaldea,  from  which  Menes  emigrated  in 
2780  B.  C.  The  primitive  natives  of  Chaldea  had,  un- 
doubtedly, invented  a  syllabic  method  of  writing  similar 
to  the  Egyptians. 

A  syllabic  system  of  writing  existed  in  China.  This  an- 
cient nation,  as  I  learned  from  Guitzlaff,  the  celebrated 
missionary,  expressed,  for  instance,  the  name  of  the  city  of 
Cassel  by  two  hieroglyphs,  of  which  the  first  denoted  Cas 
and  the  second  Sel. 

It  is  also  probable,  that  the  syllabic  cuneiform  writing  of 
the  Assyrians  was  modelled  after  the  same  ancient  method 
of  expressing  syllables  by  hieroglyphs,  containing  the  same 
syllabic  sounds. 

The  same  is  the  case  with  the  Japanese,  who,  although 
they  had,  like  the  Chinese,  an  alphabet  of  24  letters,  em- 
ployed a  great  many  syllabic  characters. 

I  am  even  convinced  that  the  hieroglyphs  of  the  Mexicans, 
who  immigrated  from  Japan  and  China,  syllabically  express 
Mexican  words.  Sooner  or  later  it  will  be  proved  that  the 
Mexican  hieroglyphs  represent  the  same  consonantal  syl- 
lables, as  contained  in  the  names  of  the  respective  images. 

The  Egyptians  and  their  predecessors  were  compelled  to 
excogitate  syllabic  signs  for  the  purpose  of  comprehending, 
on  the  same  spaces,  a  greater  number  of  words  and  phrases 
possible  by  single  letters. 


58 


Hebrew  the  Primitive  Language. 

Many  famous  scholars  maintain  Sanscrit  to  have  been  the 
primitive  language  of  mankind,  but  Sanscrit  is  compara- 
tively a  modern  language,  and  the  fact  that  many  Teutonic 
idioms  contain  some  Sanscrit  words  proves  too  little,  as  the 
same  idioms  show  more  words  of  Hebrew  than  of  Sanscrit 
origin. 

Let  us  refer  once  more  to  the  Noachian  alphabet.  By  what 
purpose  was  its  inventor  moved  to  adopt  the  usual  consecu- 
tion of  the  consonants  ?  The  7  vowels  must  be  referred  to 
those  places  in  which  the  corresponding  planets  stood  in  the 
Zodiac.  Each  of  the  18  consonants  was,  however,  also  en- 
titled to  a  place,  and  in  this  way  several  thousands  of  alpha- 
bets could  have  been  invented.  In  short,  it  is  evident  that 
the  Hebrew  or  Phoenician  alphabet  is  an  inscription  relating 
to  the  time  of  the  invention  of  the  alphabet. 

It  is  also  well  known  that  each  Hebrew  or  Phoenician 
letter  represented  an  object  of  common  life,  and  that  the 
name  of  the  letter  was  the  name  of  the  object  represented 
by  the  figure  of  the  letter.  For  instance,  the  letter  Aleph 
represented  an  elephant,  hence  the  name  of  it.  Beth  repre- 
sented a  vat;  teth,  a  hand,  etc. 

There  is  no  language  in  existence  without  Hebrew  words 
or  roots.  The  language  of  the  Curds,  or  Chaldeans,  contains 
numerous  Hebrew  words.  The  literature  of  the  Egyptians 
dates  back  to  the  year  (^6  after  the  deluge,  i.  e.,  to  the  time 
when  Menes  left  Chaldea.  The  Coptic  contains  nearly  one- 
third  of  pure  and  completed  Hebrew  words.  All  these  facts 
prove  that  the  inventor  of  the  alphabet  spoke  a  Hebrew 
dialect. 

How  may  the  12  groups  of  the  12  signs  of  the  zodiac  be 
explained  .-' 


59 


the  planetary  configuration 
of  the  earth 


S^e^eLes^,^  iJ^^  Almighty 


Aub  is  a  planetary  configuration  denoting  nativity.  Gese- 
nius  interprets  this  word  by  ventriloquist. 

God  is  simply  the  earth,  as  Alergad  signifies  the  deity  of 
the  earth,  the  Egyptian  Shmun. 

Hava-ge  are  genuine  Hebrew  words. 

Ech  is  the  Hebrew,  aje,  where;  the  Hebrew  /*  firequently 
stands  for  ch, 

Chata,  to  go  astray,  is  related  to  the  Coptic  chet,  and  the 
Latin  cando. 

Kala,  destruction. 

Maim,  the  ancient  Chaldaic  form  of  the  Hebrew  maim, 
water. 

Who  will  now,  deny  that  the  primitive  alphabet  was  not 
invented  by  Noah,  3446  B.  C,  and  that  the  original  language 
was  not  the  Hebrew  } 


6o 


Laws  Governing  the  Changes  in  all  Languages. 

When  we  compare  modern  dialects  with  the  older,  Italian 
with  Latin,  or  German  with  Gothic,  we  observe  that  all  lan- 
guages change  according  to  certain  rules.  These  rules  are 
of  the  greatest  importance  for  the  student  of  comparative 
philology,  who  wants,  for  instance,  to  reduce  modern  Coptic 
to  older  Egyptian  words,  as  found  in  hieroglyphic  literature- 
The  fundamental  law  of  linguistic  alteration  is  the  law  of 
commodity.  The  ancients  changed  the  difficult  words  for 
the  easier,  the  longer  for  the  shorter,  the  harder  for  the 
softer.  The  latter  is  especially  obvious  in  the  ancient  and 
modern  pronunciation  of  the  Coptic  and  the  Hebrew, 


Chronology  of  the  Old  Testament. 

Of  the  Old  Testament  two  different  chronologies  are  in 
use,  that  of  the  present  Masoretic  Hebrew  text  and  that  of 
the  Greek  text,  as  established  280  B.  C.  by  the  Septuagint 
interpreters.  These  two  chronologies  differ  by  nearly  2,000 
years.     Which  is  the  true  one  .'' 

This  is  an  important  question,  because  many  anti-Christian 
authors  call  the  Old  Testament  a  collection  of  myths,  because 
its  chronology  is  at  variance  with  the  histories  of  Egypt 
and  China,  with  the  Pentateuch,  Samaritan  and  other  tra- 
ditions. 

The  following  arguments  will  demonstrate,  that  the 
chronology  of  the  Septuagint,  as  followed  by  the  majority  of 
Christian  churches  in  the  Orient,  is  the  true  one. 

The  Septuagint  was  sanctioned  by  Christ,  the  Apostles 
and  the  Evangelists.  The  New  Testament  contains  182 
quotations  from  the  Old  nearly  all  of  which  are  taken  from 
the  Septuagint.  St.  Lucas,  e.  g.,  mentions  the  Patriarch, 
Kainan  H.,  whose  name  is  contained  in  the  Septuagint,  but 
wanting  in  the  Masoretic  text.  Suppose  the  Septuagint 
version  to  have  been  a  corruption  of  the  genuine  text,  as  the 
Jews  maintain,  then  Christ,  the  Apostles  and  the  Evange- 
lists would  certainly  have  rejected  it.     The  same  argument 


6i 

was  employed  by  St.  Augustinus  to  vindicate  the  chronology 
of  the  Septuagint ;  it  is  sufficient  for  all  who  believe  in  a 
divine  inspiration  of  the  New  Testament.  But  we  shall  add 
a  few  more  arguments  : 

1.  According  to  the  present  chronology,  the  Patriarch 
Methusalah  Avould  have  died  after  the  Deluge,  which  is  an 
impossibility. 

2.  Philo  and  Josephus,  two  orthodox  Israelites, who  spoke 
and  wrote  the  Hebrew,  follow  the  chronology  of  the  Septua- 
gint, and  not  of  the  Hebrew  text,  because  at  that  time  no 
difference  existed  between  these  two  texts. 

3.  The  Fathers  of  the  Church,  without  exception,  even 
Hieronymus,  the  author  of  the  Vulgata,  testify  that  the 
Jews  subsequent  to  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem  shortened 
Hebrew  chronology  to  demonstrate  that  the  true  Messiah 
was  to  be  expected  1500  years  after  Christ.  This  is  con- 
firmed by  some  Arabian  authors,  who  had  no  personal  in- 
terest in  the  question. 

4.  The  original  chronology  of  the  Old  Testament  has 
been  preserved  in  the  Hebrew  Bible  of  the  Jews  in  Ethiopia, 
who  maintain  that  they  settled  there  in  Solomon's  times. 
This  chronology  is  in  conformity  with  the  Septuagint. 

5.  The  most  learned  theologians  and  historians  have  ex- 
pressed their  faith  in  the  chronology  of  the  Septuagint  ;  for 
instance:  the  Catholics — ^Julianus  of  Toledo  (685  A.  C), 
Freret,  Mailla,  Petronius,  Bonjour,  Biachini,  Tournemine, 
Porchetus,  Hieronymus  a.  S.  Fide,  Galatius,  Escatante,  Leo 
a  Castro,  Hunthaeus,  Salmero,  Gretserus,  Peyva  ab  Andrata, 
Bellarminus,  Baronius,  Vatablus,  Lorinus,  Genebrandus, 
Isaac  Couzen,  Espeires,  Huetius,  Guadangolus;  the  Protes- 
tants— Casaubonus,  Junius,  Polanus,  Mercerus,  Rivetus, 
Chamierus,  Amamus,  Buxtorf,  Hottinger,  Pokok,  Walton, 
Bochart,  Flacius,  Hunnius,  Forster,  Selneccer,  Schnepfius, 
Moller,  Schindler,  Capito,  Hokspan,  Frischmuth,  Kortholt, 
Sennertus,  Friedlieb,  Kipping,  etc. 

6.  A  great  many  planetary  configurations  refer  to  5873^ 
3446,  2780,  195 1,  1866  B.  C.  They  were  real  observations, 
for  the  ancients,  not   knowing  the  Copernican  system  and 


62  .      • 

possessing   no   planetary  tables,    could   not   compute    the 
previous  places  of  the  planets. 

The   following   are   the   principal   epochs   of  our  sacred 
history  : 

5870.    May  1st,  Creation  of  the  World. 
3446.    September  7th,  End  of  the  Deluge. 
2780.    Dispersion  of  the  Nations  in  Peleg's  days. 
2293.    Abraham  in  Canaan  and  Egypt. 
2104.    Joseph  sold  to  the  Egyptians. 
2080.    Israel  obtains  the  Province  of  Goshen.  , 

201 1.    Joseph  dies.     A  few  years  afterward  the  Israelites 

were  persecuted. 
1982.    Amos  II.  conquers  the  Delta,  according  to  Eratos- 
thenes. 
1947.    Birth   of  Moses,  3^   years   after,    a   conjunction  of 
Saturn  and  Jupiter  in  the  sign  of  Pisces  took  place. 
1892.    Thuthmos  III.  reigns. 

1866.    Exodus.    Thutmos  III.  is  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 
1070.    Saul,  King  of  Israel,  is  anointed. 
1029.    King  David  anointed. 
989.    Solomon  succeeds  David. 
979.    Solomon's  temple  inaugurated. 
949.    Rehoboam.    Division  of  J uda  and  Israel. 
720.    The  Kingdom  of  Israel  destroyed  by  Salmanassar. 
602.    Beginning  of  the  Babylonian  captivity. 
584.    Destruction  of  Jerusalem  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 
532.    Cyrus   conquers   Niniveh.     End   of    the  Babylonian 

Captivity. 
62.    Birth  of  Augustus.    Cicero's  Consulate. 
34.    Herod,  King  of  Juda,  conquers  Jerusalem. 


Daniel's  Seventy  Weeks. 

Before  giving  the  exact  dates  of  the  history  of  the  New 
Testament,  it  is  necessary  to  explain  Daniel's  weeks  and  the 
condition  of  the  Hebrew  Calendar,  without  which  the 
present  chronology  of  the  New  Testament  cannot  be  satis- 
factorily corrected. 


63 

Censorius  and  other  ancient  authorities  report  the  term 
year  (annus,  abot,  shanah,  etc.)  signified  different  periods,  as 
one  month,  two,  six  and  twelve  months.  The  ancient  terms 
for  year  mean,  therefore,  a  period,  a  cyclus.  This  is  the  key 
to  the  weeks  of  Daniel. 

In  Daniel,  chap.  IX.,  verse  25,  we  read:  "Know,  therefore, 
and  understand  that  from  going  forth  of  the  commandment 
to  restore  and  build  Jerusalem  unto  the  Messiah,  the  Prince, 
shall  be  seven  weeks,  and  three  score  and  two  weeks ;  the 
street  shall  be  built  again  and  the  wall,  even  in  troublesome 
times." 

The  other  prophecy  reads  thus:  "And  after  threescore 
and  two  weeks  shall  Messiah  be  cut  off,  but  not  for  himself." 
"And  he  shall  confirm  the  covenant  with  many  for  one 
week,  and  in  the  midst  of  the  week  he  shall  cause  the  sacri- 
fice and  the  oblation  to  cease." 

From  the  words  "he  shall  teach  one  week,  and  in  the 
midst  of  the  week  he  shall  die,"  we  learn  that  Christ's  pro- 
phetic office  of  one  week  must  contain  a  septenniiirn  different 
from  that  in  the  midst  of  which  Christ  was  to  be  crucified. 

The  explanation  of  Daniel's  week  is,  in  short,  the  follow- 
ing: He  counts  from  532  B.  C,  or  from  the  year  in  which 
Cyrus  allowed  the  Jews  to  return  to  Jerusalem,  first,  seven 
weeks  of  years  of  24  months  each,  accordingly  98  common 
years,  then  he  counts  62  additional  prophetic  years  of  12 
months  each,  or  434  years,  which  summed  up  give  532  years. 
As  from  Cyrus  (532  B.  C.)  to  the  birth  of  Christ  532  years 
elapsed,  the  latter  event  took  place  at  the  beginning  of  our 
Christian  era. 

Daniel,  beginning  with  532  B.  C,  counts  up  to  the  death 
of  Christ  20  weeks  of  14  years  each,  i.  e.,  280  years,  and  two 
weeks  of  3^  years  each,  or  in  all  567  common  years.  Daniel, 
consequently,  places  the  death  of  Christ  in  the  33d  year  of 
our  era. 

Daniel  predicted  that  Christ's  prophetic  ministry  would 
last  one  week  of  35^  years.  All  his  prophecies  were,  as  we 
shall  see  presently,  wonderfully  fulfilled. 


64 

The  Solar  Years  of  the  Hebrews. 

Many  passages  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  of  Jose- 
phus,  and  of  the  Talmud,  clearly  demonstrate  that  the 
Hebrews  used  two  dififerent  solar  years,  a  civil  and  an 
ecclesiastic  one.  , 

The  history  of  the  deluge  is  based  on  solar  months  of  30 
days,  and  not  on  months  of  28  or  29  days. 

Solomon  installed  12  officers,  and  not  13  for  the  13  months 
of  the  lunar  year.  Also  David  had  12  monthly  guards. 
Daniel  and  the  Revelation  frequently  speak  of  3^  years 
numbering  1,260  days,  because  each  month  consisted  of  30 
days. 

The  months  of  the  ancient  Arabians,  derived  from  the 
Hebrew,  were  solar  months  of  30  days. 

Josephus  and  Philo  state  that  Easter  always  coincided 
with  the  vernal  equinoctial  day,  which  would  have  been 
impossible  according  to  the  hmar  months. 

The  Fathers  of  the  Church  unanimously  state  that 
Christ's  resurrection  took  place  on  the  vernal  day — an  im- 
possibility according  to  lunar  months. 

Josephus  repeatedly  parallels  the  days  of  the  Hebrew 
months  with  Greek  dates,  and  the  months  of  the  Greeks 
were  solar. 

The  Fathers  of  the  Church  state  that  Dionysius  Areopa- 
gita,  while  traveling  in  Ethiopia,  witnessed  a  solar  eclipse 
on  the  14th  day  of  Nisan — an  impossibility  according  to 
lunar  months.  By  the  way,  this  eclipse  was  invisible  in 
Palestine,  and  consequently  it  cannot  be  identical  with  the 
supernatural  obscurities  of  the  sun  during  the   Crucifixion. 

The  months  of  the  civil  year  of  the  Hebrews  began 
16  days  later. 

By  means  of  astronomical  and  historical  facts,  we  obtain 
the  following  ecclesiastic  and  civil  calendars  of  the  He- 
brews: 

CIVIL  MONTHS. 

Nisan  i March  22. 

Ijar    I April  2 1 . 

Sivan  I May  2 1 . 


65 

Thammus  i June  20 

Ab  I .July  20 

Elul   I August  19 

Thishri  I September  18 

Marchesvan  i October  18 

Kislev  I November  17 

Tebet   i    December  17 

Shebat  i January  16 

Adar  i February  15 

f  Intercalary  days March  17 

ECCLESIASTIC   MONTHS. 

Nisan    i .    March  6. 

Ijar  I April  5. 

Sivan  i May  5. 

Thammus   i June  4. 

Ab  I July  4. 

Elul  I Aug-ust  3. 

Thishri  I September  2. 

Marchesvan  I October  2. 

Kislev  I ...  November  i . 

Tebet   I December  i. 

Shebat  l December  3 1 . 

Adar  I January  29. 

I  Intercalary  days March  i. 


Chronology  of  the  New  Testament. 

The  following  are  the  principal  epochs  of  the  New 
Testament : 

I.  BirtJi  of  Christ.  Herodes,  the  Great,  conquered  Jeru- 
salem September  nth  (a  Saturday),  during  the  consulates  of 
Pulcher  and  Flaccus,  35  B.  C.  He  reigned,  according  to 
Josephus,  for  35  years.  He  died,  consequently,  in  the  first 
year  of  our  Christian  era.  This  is  also  verified  by  the  lunar 
eclipse  on  January  9th  of  the  first  year  of  our  era. 

Since  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  Church  the  24th  day 
of  June  was  celebrated  as  the  birthday  of  John,  the  Baptist, 


66 

who  was  six  months  the  senior  of  Christ,  which  makes  the 
25th  of  December  the  birthday  of  the  latter. 

2.  Christ's  baptism  and  prophetic  ministry. 

According  to  St.  Luke  (III.  1-2 1),  Christ  was  baptized  in 
the  15th  year  of  Tiberius,  almost  30  years  old.  This  year  of 
Tiberius  commenced  with  the  death  of  Augustus  on  the 
19th  day  of  August,  A.  D.  16,  In  the  Roman  provinces, 
however,  the  first  year  of  an  emperor  was  counted  from  the 
preceding  new  year's  day,  i.e.,  from  the  i8th  day  of  October. 
Christ  was,  consequently,  baptized  between  October  i8th 
and  December  24th  in  the  year  29  A.  C,  and  commenced  to 
teach,  30  years  old,  after  December  24th,  29  A.  C.  His 
prophetic  ministry  lasted  to  the  day  of  his  crucifixion,  three 
years  and  three  months,  or  three  years  and  six  months  to 
his  ascension,  as  Daniel  predicted  and  the  Evangelists 
witness. 


The  Martyrdom  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul. 

Eusebius  states  that  both  of  these  apostles  died  during 
the  13th  year  of  Nero,  which  extended  from  October  13th 
A.  C,  6^  to  68.  Hieronymus  postpones  Nero  by  one  year, 
but  as  he  predates  his  era  by  one  year,  the  reports  of  each 
are  in  harmony.  This  year  is  also  astronomically  fixed  by 
a  solar  eclipse  in  67  A.  C.  (May  31),  which  Apollonius  refers 
to  the  1 2th  year  of  Nero.  In  the  preceding  year  no  eclipse 
could  have  taken  place.  The  same  year  is  confirmed  by 
Clemens  Romanus,  who  lived  at  that  time  in  Rome.  He 
states  that  both  of  the  Apostles  died  in  the  year,  in  which 
Nero  attended  the  Olympian  games,  which  were  notoriously 
postponed  by  one  year,  consequently  in  6Z  A.  C. 

This  is  also  explicitly  confirmed  by  the  ''  Martyrolog-ium, 
Patdi"  according  to  which  the  Apostles  were  put  to  death 
"III.  Kal.  Jul."  (June  29)  in  the  69th  year  after  Christ's  birth, 
and  in  the  36th  year  after  the  crucifixion.  For  Christ  was 
born  a  few  days  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era, 
i.  e.,  Anno  Mundi  5870,  and  adding  68  years  we  have  the 
year  5938  A.  M.,  or  68  A.  C. 


67 

The  crucifixion  took  place  March  19,  A.  C.  33;  adding  to 
this  year  35  years  we  have  again  the  year  68  A.  C,  the  date 
the  martyrdom  of  St.  Paul  and  St.  Peter. 


Destruction  of  Jerusalem,  71  A.  C. 

In  consequence  of  Petavius'  erroneous  chronology,  the 
opinion  has  become  universal  that  Jerusalem  was  destroyed 
70  A.  C.  But  as  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus  died  two  years 
later  than  Petavius  imagined,  it  is  evident  that  Vespasian's 
second  year,  in  which  Jerusalem  was  laid  in  ruins,  must  be 
referred  to  71  and  not  70  A.  C.  The  year  71  A.  C.  is  also 
confirmed  by  Josephus,  who  states  that  Jerusalem  was  con- 
quered by  Titus  subsequent  to  a  sabbatical  year. 


The  apologetic  publications  of  the  author  need  no  ex- 
planation, their  contents  being  indicated  by  the  titles. 


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thologicis,  philologicis,  exegeticis,  astronomicis 
atque  palaeographicis.  —  Lexicon  astronomico  hie- 
roglyphicum  cum  permultis  figuris  impressis.  Acce- 
dunt  index  universalis  atque  tabulae  X  lithographi- 
cae  cum  colorata  tituli.  Volumes  2 — 5  of  "Beitrage 
zur  Kenntniss  des  Alten  Egyptens."    Leipzig,  Barth. 

1833 — 34.  —  Kritiken  und  Anzeigen  archaologischer  und 
mythologischer  Werke  im  Repertorium  der  Literaten. 
Leipzig,  Brockhaus. 

1834.  —  Ueber  die  hochsten  acht  Gottheiten,  oder  die 
Kabyren  der  germanischen  Volker  in  Bezug  auf  die 
acht  Kua's  der  Chinesen,  nach  einer  chinesischen 
Miinze  im  Kabinet  der  deutschen  Gesellschaft  zu 
Leipzig.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Religionsphilosophie  und 
Religionsgeschichte  der  alten  Volker.  Nebst  einer 
Tafel.  In  lUgen's  "Zeitschrift  fiir  historische  Theo- 
logie,"  Bd.  4,  Heft  2.     Leipzig,  Barth. 

1834. —  Uebersicht  der  agyptischen  Literatur  seit  Ent- 
deckung  der  Inschrift  von  Rosette,  bis  zum  Jahre 
1834,  in  "  Neue  Jahrbiicher  fiir  Philologie  und  Pada- 
gogik"  von  Seebode,  Jahn  und  Klotz.  Bd.  3,  Heft  i. 
Leipzig,  Teubner. 


71 

i834- —  Merkwiirdige  Stelle  aus  den  Religionsschriften 
der  alten  Parsen.  Illgen's  "Zeitschrift  fur  historische 
Theologie."  Bd.  5,  Heft  i.     Leipzig,  Barth. 

1834. —  Erklarung  einer  Stelle  in  Sanehuniathon's  Ge- 
schichte  nach  Philo  Byblius,  Uebersetzung  bei  Euse- 
bius.  "Neue  Jahrbiicher  fur  Philologie  und  Padago- 
gik,"  von  Seebode,  Jahn  und  Klotz.  Leipzig,  Teubner. 

1834. —  Unser  Alphabet  ein  Abbild  des  Thierkreises  mit 
der  Konstellation  der  sieben  Planeten  u.  s.  w.    Erste 

•  Grundlage  zu  einer  wahren  Chronologic  und  Kultur- 
geschichte  aller  Volker.  Mit  einer  lithographischen 
Tafel.     Leipzig,  Barth. 

1835. —  Bemerkungen  zu  Seetzen's  "Alterthiimer  in 
Aegypten."  In  Seetzen,  "Reisen  im  Oriente,"  heraus- 
gegeben  von  Hofrath  Dr.  Krause  in  Dorpat. 

1836. —  Moses  auf  Sinai.  Oratorium  in  3  Abtheilungen, 
in  Musik  gesetzt  von  C.  L.  Drobisch.     Leipzig,  Ries. 

1839. —  Die  Siindfluth,  Leipziger  Tageblatt  vom  23.  Nov. 

1S39. —  Unumstosslicher  Beweis,  dass  im  Jahre  3446  v. 
Chr.  die  Siindfluth  geendet  und  das  Alphabet  aller 
Volker  entstanden  sei.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  wahren  Zeit- 
rechnung  und  Kulturgeschichte.  Leipzig,  Schultze 
und  Thomas. 

1840. —  Alphabeta  genuina  Aegyptiorum,  signis  ipsorum 
numericis,  consecuta  nee  non  Asianorum  litteris  Per- 
siarum,  Medorum,  Assyriorumque  cuneoformibus, 
Zendicis,  Pehlvicis  et  Sancriticis  subjecta.  Accedit 
dissertatio  de  mensuris  in  S.  S.  obvicis  per  antiquas 
uluas  Aegyptiacas  Taurinencem,  Parisiniam,  Lugdu- 
nensem  illustrato.  Cum  VI  tabulis  alphabeticis, 
Lipsiae,  Barth. 

1840. —  Zwei  archaologische  Fragen.  In  "Archiv  fur 
Philologie  und  Padagogik,"  von  Seebode,  Jahn  und 
Klotz.  Bd.  4,  Heft  2. 

1841. —  Neue  Beitrage  zur  indischen  Mythologie  und  AU- 
gemeinen  Religionsgeschichte.  In  Illgen's  "Zeit- 
schrift fur  wissenschaftliche  Theologie."  Heft  3. 


72 

1842. —  Ein  merkwurdiger  Sarkophag  mit  erhabenen 
Hieroglyphen  von  Cedernholz  im  Archaologischen 
Museum  zu  Leipzig.  "Blatter  fur  literarische  Unter- 
haltung,"  Dezember  1842,  in  "Illustrirte  Zeitung," 
No.  17,  Leipzig,  1843. 

1843. —  Ueber  das  Papier  der  Alten  nach  Plinius  und  der 
Papyrusstaude  im  botanischen  Garten  zu  Leipzig. 
Mit  einer  lithographischen  Tafel.  In  Neumann's 
"Serapeum,"  February  15. 

1843. —  Grundsatze  der  Mythologie  und  alten  Religions- 
geschichte  und  der  Hieroglyphensysteme.     Leipzig. 

1844. —  Der  romische  Obelisk  an  der  Porta  del  popolo  und 
Hermapion's  Uebersetzung  desselben.  In  "Reper- 
torium  der  deutschen  und  auslandischen  Literatur," 
3.  Jahrgang,  Leipzig. 

1845. —  I^i^  Obelisken  an  der  Porta  del   popolo  in  Rom. 

"  Illustrirte  Zeitung,"  September. 
1846. —  Chronologia  Sacra.      Untersuchungen  iiber    das 

Geburtsjahr  des  Herrn  und  die  Zeitrechnung  des  A. 

und  N.  T.     Leipzig. 
1846. —  Mittheilungen    iiber   das    Turiner   Exemplar  der 

heiligen    Schriften    der    alten    Aegypter     (Lepsius' 

Todtenbuch").     In    "Jahresberichte    der    deutschen 

orientalischen  Gesellschaft,"  P.  71. 
1846. —  Uebersetzungen  egyptischer  Texte  nach  Cham- 

poUion's    und    des   Verfassers    System.    "Verhand- 

lungen  der  Mitglieder  der  deutschen  orientalischen 

Gesellschaft,"  Vol.  I. 
1846. —  Ursprung    der    alten    Monatsnamen,    mit    einer 

Uebersicht  der  alten  Chronologic.     "lUustrirter  Ka- 

lender,"  Leipzig. 
1846. —  Drei  Scarabaen  mit  Konigsnamen  zujena.  "Jahres- 

bericht    der     deutschen    morgenlandischen    Gesell- 
schaft." 
1847. —  Ueber  ChampoUion's  Hieroglyphensystem,  seine 

Grammatik  und  sein  Lexikon.    "Jenaische  Literatur- 

zeitung,"  August  27. 


n 

1848. —  Habeii  die  Ebraer  schon  vor  Jerusalems  Zersto- 
rung  nach  Mondmonaten  gerechnet  ?  "Zeitschrift 
derdeutschen  morgenlandischen  Gesellschaft."  P.  344. 

1848. —  Die  Sonnen-  und  Mondfinsternisse  der  Alten. 
"Archiv  fiir  Philologie  und  Padagogik,"  von  Seebode, 
Jahn  und  Klotz.     Heft  4. 

1849. —  ^^^  Phonix  und  die  Phonixperioden.  "Zeitschrift 
der  deutschen  morgenlandisciien  Gesellschaft,"  P.  63. 

1849. —  Kritikder  egyptischen  Chronologie  nach  Lepsius, 
"Repertorium  der  Literatur,"  Bd.  2.  Leipzig. 

1852. —  Zuriickweisung  der  Lepsius'schen  Theorie,  nach 
welcher  die  Planetenstellungen  auf  den  egyptischen 
Monumenten  Sonnengotter  reprasentiren.  In  "Re- 
pertorium,"  Bd.  i.     Leipzig. 

1853. —  Ueber  de  Rouge's  "Memoire  sur  le  Tombeau 
d'Ahmes."     "Repertorium  der  Literatur,"  Bd.  i. 

1853. —  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  der  Astronomie.  In 
Jahn's  "Astronomische  Unterhaltungen,"  July  8. 

1853. —  Widerlegung  von  Gumbach's  Angaben,  nach 
welcher  die  Hebraer  vor  der  Zerstorung  Jerusalems 
nach  Mondmonaten  rechneten.  "Gottinger  gelehrte 
Anzeigen"  June  13. 

1853. — Wiirdigung  von  Uhlemann's  "Interpretatio  Roset- 
tanae."     "Repertorium  der  Literatur,"  Bd.  4. 

1854. —  Der  egyptische  Sarcophag  aus  Memphis  in  der 
k.  k.  Ambros.  Sammlung  zu  Wien.  "Illustrirte  Zei- 
tung"  April  15.     Leipzig. 

1854. —  Egyptische  Alterthumer.  Im  Anhange  zur  deut- 
schen Uebersetzung  von  Layard's  "Niniveh."  Leipzig. 

1855. —  Der  Arragonit-Sarkophag  in  Saone's  Museum  zu 
London.     "Illustrirte  Zeitung,"  No.  614.     Leipzig. 

1855. —  Bemerkungen  iiber  Zech's  Preisschriften  iiber  die 
Finsternisse  im  Almagast  und  die  wichtigsten  Fin- 
sternisse  der  Griechen  und  Romer.  "Gottinger  ge- 
lehrte Anzeigen,"  No.  125. 

1855. —  Grammatica  Aegyptiaca.  Erste  Anleitung  zur 
Uebersetzung  egyptischer  Literaturwerke.  Mit  92 
Lithographien  und  der  Geschichte  des  Hieroglyphen- 
schlussels.     Gotha,  Perthes. 


74 

i855. —  Theologische  Schriften  der  alten  Egypter  nach 
dem  Turiner  Papyrus  zum  ersten  Male  iibersetzt. 
Nebst  den  zweisprachigen  Inschriften  auf  dem  Steine 
von  Rosette,  dem  Flaminischen  Obelisken,  dem  Thore 
von  Phila,  der  Tafel  von  Abydos,  der  Wand  von 
Carnak  und  anderen.     Gotha,  Perthes. 

1855. —  Berichtigung  der  romischen,  griechischen,  persi- 
schen,  egyptischen  und  hebraischen  Geschichte  und 
Zeitrechnung  auf  Grund  neuer  historischer  und  astro- 
nomischer  Hilfsmittel.  Mit  einer  xylographischen 
Tafel.     Leipzig. 

1855. —  Hat  Moses  den  Pentateuch  noch  nicht  schreiben 
konnen,  weil  es  damals  noch  kein  Alphabet  gab  ? 
"Deutscher  Kirchenfreund,"  P.  259. 

1856. —  Geschichte  des  vorsiindfluthlichen  Thierkreises 
zu  Paris.  "Lutherischer  Herold"  January  16,  und 
"Lutheran  Standard,"  April  4,  1857. 

1856. —  Hat  Christus  zwei  oder  drei  Tage  im  Grabe  gele- 
gen  .''     "Lutherischer  Herold,"  June  15. 

1856. —  1st  Christus  wirklich  1500  Jahre  vor  der  Zeit, 
welche  Gott  durch  den  Mund  der  Propheten  be- 
stimmt,  in  die  Welt  gekommen  }  "Deutscher 
Kirchenfreund"  (Philadelphia),  Februar  und  Marz, 
und  "Lutheran  Standard,"  April,  Mai  und  August. 

1856. —  Werden  die  geschichtlichen  Ueberlieferungen 
der  heil.  Schrift  durch  die  Geschichte  Egyptens  wi- 
derlegt  ?     "Deutscher  Kirchenfreund,"  P.  145. 

1856. —  War  die  Siindfluth  keine  allgemeine,  sondern  nur 
eine  partiale  ?     "Deutscher  Kirchenfreund,"  P.   192. 

1856. —  Gehort  der  Aufenthalt  der  Hebraer  in  Egypten 
wirklich  zu  den  blossen  Mythen  des  A.  T.?  "Deut- 
scher Kirchenfreund,"  P.  337. 

1856. —  Haben  die  Propheten  die  Babylonische  Gefangen- 
schaft    iibertrieben  .-'      "Deutscher     Kirchenfreund," 

P-  341. 
1857. —  Notice  of  a  burnt  brick  from  the  ruins  of  Niniveh, 
with   a   plate.     "  Transactions    of  the    Academy   of 
Science  of  St.  Louis,  Mo."     Vol.  i,  p.  64. 


75 

i857- — Summary  of  recent  Discoveries  in  Biblical  Chro- 
nology, universal  History  and  Egyptian  Archaeology, 
with  special  reference  to  Dr.  Abbott's  Egyptian  Mu- 
seum in  New  York.  With  a  translation  of  the  first 
sacred  book  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  New  York. 
H.  Ludwig. 

1857. —  Uebersicht  neuer  Entdeckungen  in  der  biblischen 
Zeitrechnung,  allgemeinen  Weltgeschichteund  egyp- 
tischen  Alterthumskunde,  nebst  Uebersetzung  des 
ersten  heiligen  Buches  der  alten  Egypter.  New 
York,  H.  Ludwig. 

1857. —  To  the  Author  of  "Queries"  in  regard  to  the  "Lec- 
tures on  Egyptian  Antiquities."  "  Gettysburg 
Evangel.  Luth.  Quarterly."     Vol.  IX,  p.  58. 

1857. —  Die  wahre  Zeitrechnung  des  A.  T.  Nebst  einer 
Zeittafel  des  N.  T.  Ein  Hilfsbiichlein  fur  christ- 
liche  Bibelleser.     St.  Louis,  Mo.     N.  Niedner. 

1857. —  1st  Christus  wirklich  nicht  in  den  Jahren  und  an 
den  Tagen  geboren  und  gestorben,  welche  die  Pro- 
pheten,  Evangelisten  und  Kirchenvater  angaben  ? 
"Lutherischer  Herold,"  Nos.  158 — 60. 

1858. —  On  Theon's  Canicular  Period.  "American  Church 
Monthly."     New  York,  April. 

1859. —  A  remarkable  Seal  in  Dr.  Abbott's  Egyptian  Mu- 
seum in  N.  Y.  "Transactions  of  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Science."     Vol.  I,  p.  249. 

1859. —  An  astronomical  inscription  concerning  the  year 
1722  B.  C.  "Transactions  of  the  St.  Louis  Academy 
of  Science,"  vol.  I,  p.  356. 

i860. —  A  remarkable  Papyrus  scroll  written  in  Hieratic 
characters,  with  16  lithogr.  Plates.  "Transactions 
of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science,"  vol.  I,  p.  527. 

i860. —  Die  Keilschrift.  "Lutherischer  Herold,"  No.  218 
und  "Kalender  der  N.  Y.  Tractat-Gesellschaft." 

i860. —  Eingang  zum  unterirdischen  Tempel  Ramses  des 
Or.  zu  Abussimbil  in  Nubien.  "Luth.  Herold,"  No. 
219  und   "Kalender  der  N.  Y.  Tractat-Gesellschaft." 


76 

l86o, —  Das  tausendjahrige  Reich  im  Lichte  der  Offen- 
barungen  im  N.  T.,  mit  Rucksicht  auf  den  neuesten 
Chiliasmus.     New  York,  H.  Ludwig. 

i860.  —  Die  Pyramiden  in  der  Bibel.  "Luther.  Herold," 
No.  231  ;  "The  World,"  N.  Y.,  August  nth,  und 
"  Lutheran  Standard,"  No.  536. 

1861.  —  Chiliasm  critically  examined  according  to  the 
statements  of  the  New  and  Old  Testaments.  With 
reference  to  the  most  recent  theory  of  the  Millen- 
nium. New  York,  Westermann  &  Co.  und  "  Gettys- 
burg Evang.  Luth.  Review,"  Vol.  XII,  pp.  341—401. 

1861.  —  Der  Ehinger'sche  Chiliasmus.  *'  Luther.  Kir- 
chenbote,"  Mai  24. 

1861.  —  The  Chronology  of  the  Septuagint.  "N.  Y. 
Quarterly  Review  and  Church  Register,"  Vol.  VIII, 
Nos.  I  und  II. 

1861.  —  Christian  Astronomy.  "  Lutheran,"  Vol,  II, 
Nos.  II — 21.     Philadelphia. 

1861.  —  Planetenkonstellation  bei  Samsaddin  Muham- 
med  bin  Ahmed  'Assar  vom  Jahre  1377  v.  Chr.  "  Zeit- 
schrift  der  deutschen  morgenlandischen  Gesell- 
schaft,"  Vol.  15,  P.  393. 

1862.  —  1st  die  gegenwartige  Negersklaverei  in  Ueber- 
einstimmung  mit  der  Schrift  oder  nicht  .'*  "  Luther. 
Herold,"  Okt.  15  and  Nov.  i. 

1863.  —  Der  amerikanische  Kalendermann.  Kurze  Er- 
klarung  des  Kalenders  und  seiner  Bedeutung  fiir  alle 
Jahre.    New  York  ;  H.  Ludwig. 

1863.  —  1st  die  Erhaltung  und  Verbreitung  der  gegen- 
wartigen  Negersklaverei  eine  Sunde  oder  nicht  .'* 
"Luther.  Herold,"  Nos.  302 — 303  and  "Lutheran" 
(Philadelphia)  Nos.  103  and  104. 

1864.  —  The  Original  of  Manetho's  History  of  Egypt. 
"  Proceedings  of  the  American  Oriental  Society, " 
p.  XXIX. 

1864.  —  Die  Israeliten  in  Egypten  nach  Manetho's  Hand- 
schrift  in  Turin.     "  Luther.  Herold,"  Mai  7. 


77 

1869.  —  Hat  Rom  St.  Peters-Jubilaum  im  richtigen  oder 
falschen  Jahre  gefeiert  ?    ,,  Luther.  Kirchenblatt  der 
Synode  vom  Staate  New  York,"  P.  19. 
1872.  —  Chronology  of  the  Roman  Emperors  from  Cae- 
sar to  Titus,  with  reference  to  the  New  Testament. 
"Gettysburg   Quarterly  Review,"  Fasc.  I,  p.  47.  — 
Rudelbach's  ,,Zeitschrift  der  lutherischen  Theologie," 
(Leipzig)   p.  p.  50 — ^6   and  Brobst's   ,,  Theologische 
Monatshefte,"  June  and  July  (Allentown). 
1872.  —  Lepsius'  and  Reinesch's  Interpretation   of  the 
Tanis  stone  critically   examined.     "  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Oriental  Society,"  May. 
1877.  —  Rehoboam's  Age  illustrated  by  the  Geographi- 
cal Tablet  of  Shishak.  "  Lutheran  Standard,"  March, 
1877. 
1877.  —  Corrections  of  the  present  theory  of  the  Moon's 
motions  according  to  the  classic  eclipses.     "  Trans- 
actions of   the  Academy  of  Science  of  St.  Louis," 
Vol.  Ill,  p.  401. 
1877.  —  Review  of  important  Egyptian  antiquities  dis- 
covered since  the  Rosette  Stone  in  1799. 
I.  The  Obelisk  translated  by  Hermapion.     2.  The  Tu- 
rin papyri  representing  the  ancient  catacombs  of  Ossi- 
mandya  and  Ramses  the  Great,  1700  B.  C.    3.  The  Sarco- 
phagi of  Ossimandya  and  Ramses  the  Great  in  London 
and  Paris,  representing  their  nativities.    4.  The  Mummy- 
Case  of  the  Secretary  of  the  same  kings,  representing  his 
nativity   in    1722    B.    C,    preserved  at  Leeds,  England. 
5.  The  tablet  ofAbydos  and  its   Greek  translation,  the 
so-called    Laterculum  Eratostenis.     6.  An  astronomical 
inscription  referring  to  2780  B.  C,  published  in  Burton's 
"Excerpta  Hieroglyphica,"  (I,  15),  by  which  the  date  of 
Menes'  arrival  in  Egypt  is  confirmed.     7.  The  Hieratic 
Original  of  Manetho's  Egyptian  History  in  Turin.    8.  The 
geographical  altar  of  Takelasshis  (900  B.  C),  a  catalogue 
of  the  Egyptian  cities,  in  Turin.     9.  The  cedrine  Sarco- 
phagus of  the  year   1524  B.  C,   containing  3,cxdo   relief 
hieroglyphs  as  fine  as  Greek  gems,   in  the  Academical 


78 

Museum  of  Leipzig.  lO.  The  trilingual  Tanis  stone  of 
which  the  casts  are  to  be  found  in  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution. II.  The  Shishak  Tablet,  a  catalogue  of  125  cities 
in  Palestine  in  the  time  of  Rehoboam.  12.  The  mummy 
and  funeral  papyrus  of  Shishak's  General,  once  in  posses- 
sion of  Gen.  Stone,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.  13.  The  oldest 
known  copy  of  the  sacred  Egyptian  records  written  for 
the  wife  of  Pharaoh  Horus,  1780  B.  C.  14.  The  Egyptian 
Altar  found  in  1748  at  Pompeii,  referring  to  Vespasian. 
"Proceedings  of  the  American  Oriental  Society,"  October 
22d,  1877;  "The  World,"  N.  Y.  October  22d;  „Sonn- 
tagsblatt  der  New  Yorker  Staatszeitung,"  Nov.  25,  and 
Dec.  3,  1877. 

1879. —  Letter  to  Judge  Nathaniel  Holmes,  concerning 
the  corrections  of  the  present  theory  of  the  Lunar 
motions.      "Transactions  of  the  St.  Louis  Academy 
of  Science,"  vol.  IV  p.  XXV. 
1879. —  Egyptian  theology  according  to  a  Paris  Mummy- 
Coffin.     "Transactions  of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of 
Science."     Vol.  IV,  p.  80. 
1880. —  The  primitive  Egyptian  names  and  images  of  the 
seven  planets  on  a  Turin  papyrus,  and  some  planetary 
configurations   on   Egyptian    monuments.     "Trans- 
actions of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science."  Vol.  IV. 
1880. —  Planetary  configurations  on  Cyprian  antiquities  in 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art.     "Transactions  of 
the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science."     Vol.  IV. 
1880. —  The  Pharaoh,  Thutmos  III.,  who  perished  in  the 
Red  Sea  in  1866  B.  C.    "Philadelphia  Sunday  School 
Times."     May  ist,  1880. 
1880. —  The    present   Egyptian    Humbug,   and   critic    of 
,, Revue  Egyptologique  publiee  sous  la  direction  de 
MM.  H.  Brugsch,  F.  Chabas,  Eug.  Revillout."     Pre- 
miere Annee  No.  i,  Paris  1880.     "American  Journal 
of  Philology,"  No.  4,  Baltimore. 
1880. —  Indian  Antiquities   discovered    near   Davenport, 
Iowa.  "Transactions  of  the  Academy  of  Davenport." 
Vol.  III. 


79 

i88o.  —  Der  alexandrische  Obelisk  im  New  Yorker  Cen- 
tral Park.     „N.  Y.  Staatszeitung,"  October  24. 

1881. —  The  Hieroglyphic  Tablet  discovered  in  the 
ruins  of  Pompeii  A.  D.  1748,  grammatically  trans- 
lated and  explained.  "Transactions  of  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Science."     Vol.  IV. 

1 88 1.  —  Die  Inschriften  des  New  Yorker  Obelisken  nach 
Brugsch.  ,,N.  Y.  Staatszeitung,"  February  27, 
1881. 

1881.  —  Die  Allgemeinheit  der  Siindfluthsage.  Mount 
Vernon,  N.  Y.,  Verlag  des  Wartburg  Waisenhauses. 

1881.  —  Ancient  Egyptian  Literature.  The  N.  Y.  Obelisk. 
"  Industrial  News."    Vol.  2,  Nos.  8  and  9. 

1882.  —  The  original  Egyptian  names  of  the  planets 
according  to  a  Turin  papyrus,  and  some  new  plane- 
tary configurations.  "Transactions  of  the  St.  Louis 
Academy  of  Science,"  Vol.  IV. 


MANUSCRIPTS. 

Clavis  Aegyptiaca,  Collection  of  all  bilingual  and  some 
other  hieroglyphic  inscriptions  translated  and  explained, 
with  the  syllabic  Alphabet  in  hieroglyphic,  hieratic  and 
demotic  characters,  glossaries,  and  indexes. 

(In  possession  of  the  N.  Y.  Historical  Society.) 

The  seventy  weeks  of  Daniel,  explained  by  themselves. 

Manetho's  Shepherd  Kings,  the  Israelites  in  Egypt, 
according  to  a  Turin  Papyrus. 

The  historical  parts  of  the  oldest  copy  of  the  sacred 
Egyptian  records,  grammatically  translated  and  ex- 
plained. 

The  papyrus  Clark,  grammatically  translated  and  ex- 
plained. 

The  inscription  on  the  door  of  Apollinopolis  Magna, 
grammatically  translated  and  explained. 


The  trilingual  Tanis  stone  according  to  the  casts  in  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  grammatically  translated  and  ex- 
plained. 

The  Egyptian  Decani  and  Signs  of  the  Zodiac,  accord- 
ing to  five  ancient  monuments. 

The  geography  of  Egypt,  according  to  the  altar  of 
Takelaphis  (900  B.  C.)  in  the  R.  Museum  of  Turin. 

The  constellations  of  the  Egyptians,  13.x)  B.  C,  agree- 
ing with  their  present  names. 

New  chronological  tablets  for  the  histories  of  the  Ro- 
mans, Greeks,  Persians,  Medians,  Assyrians,  Babylonians, 
Egyptians,  Hebrews  and  Chinese,  based  upon  new  histo- 
rical and  astronomical  resources,  from  5870  B.  C.  to  400 
A.  C. 

The  inscriptions  on  a  Mummy-Coffin  in  the  Museum  of 
the  N.  Y.  Historical  Society. 

The  inscriptions  on  a  Mummy  -  coffin  at  Baltimore, 
grammatically  translated  and  explained. 

The  nativity  of  Emperor  Augustus,  referring  to  61  B.  C. 

Bilingual  Mummy -coffins  in  Europe,  grammatically 
translated  and  interpreted. 

Idolum  Thordanum,  and  similar  inscriptions,  gramma- 
tically explained. 

Catalogues  of  human  limbs,  obvious  on  different  Egyp- 
tian Monuments. 

The  geography  of  Palestine  on  the  Shishak  Tablet. 

The  Turin  papyri  representing  catacombs,  grammati- 
cally explained. 

Catalogue  of  different  sacrificial  objects  mentioned  on 
various  monuments. 

Supplement  to  "  Grammatica  Aegyptiaca." 

Lexicon  Aegyptio-Latinum  et  Latino-Aegyptiacum. 

Lexicon  Copto-Latinum  et  Latino-Copticum,  secun- 
dum. 

Manuscripta  Coptico  Arabica  et  alia  auxilia. 

The  New  York  Obelisk  translated  and  explained. 

Bibliotheca  Aegptiaca  Manuscripta.  15  vols.  In  pos- 
session of  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 


8i 

The  trilingual  Rosette  Stone,  grammatically  translated 
and  explained. 

Egpytian  Antiquities  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of 
Art,  grammatically  translated  and  explained. 

Astronomical  monuments  of  the  Ancient  Mexicans. 

The  Tablet  of  Davenport,  grammatically  and  astrono- 
mically explained. 

Egyptian  History  based  on  new  historical  and  astrono- 
mical certainties. 


APPENDIX. 


An  Kgyptologist. 


From  the  New  Fork  Herald,  March  8th,  1886. 

"  The  will  of  the  late  Professor  Gustavus  Seyffarth,  D.D., 
will,  in  a  few  days,  be  admitted  to  probate.  It  will  not 
excite  great  interest  as  a  representation  of  financial  pros- 
perity. The  principal  feature  of  this  will  is  the  bequest  of 
the  most  important  literary  effects  of  the  dead  Egypto- 
logist, which  will  pass  into  the  possession  of  the  New  York 
Historical  Society.   • 

"The  bequest  represents  more  than  three  score  years  of 
a  solitary  life  of  study,  closed  in  its  ninetieth  year.  Upward 
of  sixty  printed  volumes,  with  the  addition  of  almost 
equally  numerous  manuscripts,  form  his  monographic  collec- 
tion. The  dates  of  the  series  range  from  the  first  quarter 
of  the  century  to  the  last.  A  great  dictionary  of  the  Egyp- 
tian hieroglyphic  language,  conceived  by  the  venerable 
author  as  a  crowning  work,  absorbed  the  energies  of  the 
later  portions  of  his  life.  During  those  years  an  aged  man, 
with  a  deep,  disfiguring  scar  in  the  cheek,  was  sometimes  to 
be  met  at  twilight  walking  for  recreation  to  Central  Park. 
His  residence  for  the  last  nine  years  of  his  life  was  in  Park 
Avenue,  near  Eighty-second  Street,  and  the  exercise  only 
followed  a  day's  severe  labor  in  the  study;  the  daylight  grew 
precious  in  proportion  as  his  eyesight  became  dimmed. 
Toward  the  latter  part  of  his  life  the  failing  of  visual  power 
was  seriously  detrimental,  and  he  could  only  distinguish  the 
form  of  one  friend  from    another.      His    Lutheran   pastor 


83 

aided  him  in  his  work  with  the  pen.  Three  years  before  his 
death  he  delivered  a  lecture  at  Parepa  Hall  on  the  subject 
of  the  inscriptions  of  the  obelisk  in  Central  Park.  The 
stopping  of  his  watch  misled  him  as  to  the  flight  of  time, 
and  he  only  ended  his  discourse  at  half-past  eleven  o'clock. 
This  signified  the  mental  power  of  a  scholar  at  eighty-six  as 
well  as  his  own  interest  in  the  subject.  The  audience  was 
held  in  earnest  attention  for  three  and  a  half  hours  hearing 
about  hieroglyphs.  The  effort  was  followed,  however, 
by  so  serious  an  illness,  that  it  was  thought  he  would  die. 
Although  recovering  in  some  degree,  the  decline  of  his  vital 
powers  is  dated  from  that  occasion. 

"  No  man  was  ever  so  thoroughly  absorbed  by  the  fascina- 
tion of  penetrating  by  slow  degrees  the  long  sealed  product 
of  high  civilization  and  sacerdotal  culture  preserved  from 
the  days  of  Menes  and  Athothis.  Whether  he  met  any 
adequate  reward  for  the  labor,  and  to  what  degree  this  has 
served  to  enrich  the  currents  of  antiquarian  learning  are 
questions  which  naturally  arise.  Few  persons  could  rightly 
answer  the  latter. 

"  The  earliest  of  his  productions  is  the  '  Rudimenta  Hiero- 
glyphices,'  published  in  Leipsic  in  1826.  Previously,  how- 
ever, the  works  of  Fr.  A.  G.  Spohn  were  edited  by  Professor 
Seyffarth,  then  a  very  young  man  at  Leipsic  University;  he 
was  appointed  in  1823  to  this  important  task.  The  system 
of  Egyptian  philology  was  in  its  most  crude  and  wavering 
state.  To  new  and  ardent  inquirers  the  matter  had  appeared 
extremely  luminous  from  the  result  of  Bouchard's  accidental 
discovery  (1779)  with  the  removal  from  the  temple  of  the 
god  Tum,  at  Rosette,  of  the  fractured  tablet  directly  to 
figure  in  the  recovery  of  the  Egyptian  literature  as  the  great 
'  pierre  de  touche'  of  Champollion  and  his  associates. 
Mighty  was  the  philological  triumph  of  perceiving  that  with 
the  number  of  signs  used  to  express  Ptolemy,  Berenice  and 
Cleopatra  being  the  same  as  the  number  of  Greek  letters, 
the  recurrence  of  the  same  hieroglyph  in  its  proper  place  in 
all  their  names  is  constant,  while  the  literary  import  of  such 
facts  could  be  easily  recognized.    A  no  less  delightful  belief 


84 

was  prevalent,  than  that  the  religious  riddle  of  old  Egypt 
was  completely  under  mastery.  From  such  an  outset  no  one 
would  have  presaged  the  linguistic  obscurations  looming 
further  on,  and  from  which  some  investigators,  like  Joleni, 
of  Naples,  were  ready  to  conceive  of  the  hieroglyphs  having 
formed  a  mystical  system — like  the  Runic  Avritings — while 
others  would  even  imagine,  with  Gulianoff,  that  these 
characters  originated  from  the  demotic  and  hieratic,  with 
the  aim  of  concealing  the  meaning  of  the  inscriptions. 

"  This  '  Rudimenta'  of  Seyfifarth's,  as  his  first  production 
independently  of  Spohn's,  was  issued  with  the  undisguised 
idea  of  undermining  the  system  accepted  only  a  short  time 
previously  with  full  applause.  Its  arguments  are  directed 
forcibly  against  the  '  Precis  du  Systeme  Hieroglyphique  des 
Anciens  Egyptiens'  of  Champollion,  wherein  syllabic  hiero- 
glyphs, which  Seyfifarth  claims  to  have  discovered  and  which 
are  now  discriminated  as  a  fundamentally  important  feature 
in  the  approved  system  of  Egyptian  literature,  had  not  ap- 
parently been  recognized.  This  was  the  initial  movement 
in  the  bitter  controversy  embodied  in  the  great  literary 
series,  and  which  was  continued  on  Professor  Seyffarth's  part 
with  three  generations  of  Egyptologists,  represented  by  the 
founder  of  the  originally  approved  system,  his  distinguished 
disciple,  Lepsius,  and  lastly  Professor  Ebers,  the  pupil  of  the 
latter. 

"Among  these  publications  of  earliest  dates  is  the  spirited 
young  Leipsic  professor's  self-vindication  against  the  charges 
of  Champollion  in  his  review  entitled  '  Sur  le  Nouveau 
Systeme  Hieroglyphique  de  MM.  Spohn  et  Seyffarth,  chez 
G.  Piatti,'  wherein  the  French  critic  represents  the  authors 
as  having  in  the  translation  of  a  papyrus  brought  out  a  fair 
hymn  to  the  sun,  whereas  subsequently  the  Greek  transla- 
tion of  the  same  papyrus  had  come  to  light,  that  this  con- 
tained a  simple  deed  and  not  a  hymn  to  the  sun,  wherefore 
Spohn's  and  Seyffarth's  system  proved  a  chimera.  This  re- 
ply, issued,  as  its  author  once  informed  us,  '  instantly,'  made 
its  appearance  in  its  Latin,  French  and  Italian  editions 
simultaneously.    The  idea  of  a  deed  ever  having  been  taken 


85 

for  a  hymn  to  the  sun  is  represented  as  a  maUgn  fiction 
totally  disproved  by  reference  to  the  fourteen  '  witnesses ' 
who,  according  to  the  interpretation  in  question,  had  signed 
the  deed.  He  had  also  to  defend  himself  against  a  surmise 
of  plagiarism  in  relation  to  the  work  of  his  predecessor. 

"The  system  of  the  'Rudimenta'  is  considerably  modified 
in  the  author's  later  publications,  from  conviction  of  its  er- 
roneousness  in  many  respects.  Conceding  this  he  continued 
on  the  other  hand  to  assert  as  simply  and  with  unabated  zeal 
that  its  substance  is  true.  Its  corrections  are  embodied  in 
the  'Grammatica  Aegyptiaca,'  issued  in  1855.  The  mistake 
of  considering  the  hieroglyphics  no  more  than  a  calligraphic 
modification  of  the  hieratic,  while  deriving  the  latter  from 
the  demotic  characters,  is  acknowledged  among  others  of 
importance,  as  well  as  the  incorrectness  of  many  pronuncia- 
tions and  forms  of  translation.  The  idea  of  the  primitive 
Noachian  alphabet,  opposed  to  that  of  an  ideographic 
basis  of  language,  is  maintained  with  the  greatest  religious 
fervor. 

"The  theory  is  formulated  in  the  'Critical  Review  of  Un- 
garelli's  Obelisci  Urbis  '  (1844),  that  '  regularly  each  of  the 
630  hieroglyphs  expresses  the  two  or  three  consonants  con- 
tained in  the  name  of  the  figure.'  This  principle  was  put 
forward  as  the  great  key  to  the  Egyptian  literature.  It 
was  communicated  by  its  author  in  the  following  year  to 
the  Assembly  of  the  German  Orientalists  at  Jena  ;  it  was 
soon  also  made  more  widely  public  by  the  circulation  of  his 
lithographed  pamphlet  (first  introduction  to  translating 
entire  Egyptian  texts,  etc.)  representing  what  syllable  is 
expressed  by  each  of  the  hieroglyphs.  The  pamphlet  was 
finally  appended  to  the  'Grammatica  Aegyptiaca'  in  1855. 
This  work  is  here,  revised  in  manuscript  for  a  second  edition. 
Among  other  extensive  works  of  the  earlier  period  are  those 
discussing  ancient  systems  of  religion  and  different  astro- 
nomical theories.  Of  importance  in  this  class  is  the  '  Chro- 
nologia  Sacra."  Researches  concerning  the  Lord's  year  of 
birth,  and  the  chronology  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments.' 
A  greater  number  are  special  critical  reviews  of  the  works 


86 

of  eminent  philologists,  as  a  'Refutation  of  Lepsius" 
Egyptian  Chronology,'  '  Examination  of  Rouge's  and 
Brugsch's  translation  of  a  Berlin  stele'  and  Rouge's  '  Tom- 
beau  d'Ahmos,'  etc.  His  '  Fifteen  Coptic,  Greek  and 
Cufic  inscriptions  discovered  in  Egypt  explained,'  and 
'  The  Obelisk  on  the  Porta  del  Popolo  in  Rome  and  Her- 
mapion's  Greek  translation,'  are  some  of  the  works  showing 
careful  research. 

"The  date  of  the  'Grammatica  Aegyptiaca'  was  that  also 
of  the  '  Theological  writings  of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  for 
the  first  time  translated  according  to  the  Turin  copy  of  the 
sacred  Egyptian  records,  together  with  translations  of 
billingual  monuments,  the  Rosette-stone,  the  Flaminian 
obelisk,  the  Philaidoor,  the  tablet  of  Abydos  and  other  in- 
scriptions,' both  of  which  works  were  published  in  Gotha. 

"  During  the  same  year  the  author  emigrated  to  this 
country,  after  a  professorship  of  philology  at  Leipsic  of 
thirty-two  years'  duration.  He  had  issued  during  that 
period  an  average  of  one  publication  annually  on  the 
Egyptian  literature.  The  reason  of  his  departure  from  the 
Fatherland  is  not  definitely  learned. 

"  For  a  time  after  his  arrival  in  this  country,  Professor 
Seyffarth  instructed  young  men  in  the  Concordia  College, 
St.  Louis,  the  principal  theological  institution  of  learning 
directed  by  the  "Lutheran  Synod  of  Missouri,  O.  and 
other  States."  In  a  subsequent  unsuccessful  experiment 
to  establish  a  Lutheran  seminary  at  Dansville,  N.  Y., 
he  lost  some  thousand  dollars.  From  that  time  he 
devoted  himself  wholly  to  his  Egyptian  studies  in  New 
York,  retaining  his  vigor  to  an  advanced  age.  He  was 
a  prolific  writer.  Taking  pamphlets  into  account,  not 
less  than  sixty  of  his  productions  were  published  during 
his  lifetime.  A  great  number  of  volumes  remain  in  manu- 
script. Many  of  the  recently  published  works  first  ap- 
peared in  different  periodicals,  or  were  printed  by  scien- 
tific associations.  Like  those  of  earlier  date,  they  are 
in  vehement  conflict  with  accepted  theories.  Their  author 
was  frequently  involved  in  heavy  expenditures  in  the  publi- 


87 

cation  of  controversy  with  a  ^class  of  Egyptologists  to 
whom  foreign  governments  granted  liberal  patronage.  He 
was  almost  without  sympathy  in  his  tremendous  struggle. 
Prof  Uhlemann,  in  Gottingen,  and  Professor  Wuttke.  in 
Leipsic,  respected  and  defended  him.  Other  and  still  living 
men  have  revered  him  as  a  man  of  profound  philological 
learning.  Professor  Delitzsch,  of  Leipsic  University,  once 
his  pupil  in  Hebrew,  is  among  the  latter. 

"No  one  can  examine  this  extraordinary  literary  collection 
bequeathed  to  the  Historical  Society  without  the  desire  to 
have  the  question  rightly  answered  whether  Dr.  Seyffarth, 
the  esteemed  scholar  in  Oriental  philology,  was  under  a 
monomania  for  the  greater  part  of  his  life,  or  whether  he 
deserved  some  degree  of  credit  for  his  immense  labors. 
This  is  chiefly  to  be  judged  in  relation  to  his  claim  of  having 
discovered  the  principle  of  syllabic  hieroglyphs,  without 
which  it  is  true,  as  he  asserts,  that  no  adequate  interpre- 
tation is  possible.  He  insists  in  different  works  that  Cham- 
pollion  did  not  recognize  the  idea  of  hieroglyphic  syllabism, 
and  that  the  success  attained  by  the  Egyptologists  reckoned 
as  his  followers  depends  upon  the  appropriation  of  the  dis- 
covery first  made  public  in  the  *  Rudimenta'  in  1826.  Mean- 
time, according  to  his  own  plaint,  he  has  received  only 
critical  iniustice  and  contempt  from  this  circle  of  philolo- 
gists. His  wrath  waxed  greater  as  his  publications  multi- 
plied, until  he  was  finally  left  to  solitary  argumentation, 
while  the  syllabic  principle  has  obviously  advanced  in  the 
system  which  is  well  formulated  by  Dr.  Brugsch  and  others. 
Whose  was  the  syllabic  idea.-'  Exclusive  emphasis  is  given 
it  by  Seyffarth,  it  is  admitted  in  all  works  of  Egyptian  phil- 
'ology.  Learned  opinion  regarding  it,  readily  discovered  it 
in  works  for  elementary  instruction,  such  as  the  '  Egyptian 
Grammar '  of  M.  Le  Payn  Renouf  and  Birch's  *  Archaic 
Classics,'  both  published  since  the  International  Oriental 
Congress  of  1874.  The  'Delectus  Christomathy,'  or 
reading  book  of  recent  publication,  conveys  the  same  im- 
pression of  the  new  idea.  ChampoUion's  grammar  is  com- 
pletely out  of  date.  More  acceptable  authorities  are  the  Rev. 


88 

A.  H.  Sayer  (grammar) ;  Brugsch  Bey,  through  the  'Worter- 
buch,'  and  M.  Pierrot  with  his  esteemed  '  Vocabulaire 
Hieroglophique.'  The  exact  position  of  the  syllabic  element 
is  indicated  in  the  grammar  for  beginners  by  M.  Le  Page 
Kinout  (1875),  which  commences  with  the  proposition  that 
*  hieroglyphic  signs  are  either  phonetic  or  ideographic. 
Phonetic  signs  are  either  purely  alphabetic  or  syllabic'  It 
cannot  be  impossible  for  present  Egyptologists  to  determine 
whether  Seyffarth  or  some  one  else  discovered  this  syllabic 
principle.  Although  destined  to  '  lose  the  dues  of  re- 
joicing,' justice  might  be  more  easily  done  him  now  that 
his  wrath  no  longer  continues.  The  Historical  Society 
may  also  learn  with  advantage  in  what  estimation  to  hold 
its  newly  acquired  gift." 


•  ,'.'--^''  '■ ' 


U.C.BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


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